日本明治時期軍事制度發展之研究：從統帥權探討為例

觀察日本之歷史發展軌跡，19世紀後期所推行的明治維新不僅是成功西化之轉捩點，更是創建近代化軍隊的重要開端。日本軍事制度之淵源主要借鏡歐洲先進國家而來，而1873年施行的「徵兵令」乃亞洲實行現代化兵役制度之首例，另1889年公布之《明治憲法》為日本近代首部成文憲法，內容係依君主立憲原理制定，並賦予天皇各項軍事大權，其中統帥權係在戰前世界眾多立憲國家唯一於憲法中明定者，更與日後軍國主義及軍權擴張有著密不可分之關係。經由探討發現，明治天皇親政時期在軍事上所建立之各項組織、制度與法律等，均是奠定日後國家發展之重要基礎。另借取國內外戰事之經驗及德國制度所創設之參謀本部，成為日本統帥權獨立之開端，但國力增強後卻走向軍國主義道路，使得明治維新所建立之國家體制與各項軍事制度，隨著二戰敗北而蒙受瓦解命運。

關鍵字

明治憲法；徵兵制；參謀本部；統帥權；大本營

並列摘要

Observing Japan's historical development trajectory, the Meiji Restoration implemented in the late 19th century was not only the turning point for its successful Westernization, but also an important beginning for the creation of a modern army. Japan's military system was mainly influenced by advanced European countries, and the "Conscription Order" implemented in 1873 was the first example of a modern military service system in Asia. In addition, the "Meiji Constitution" promulgated in 1889 was Japan's first written constitution in modern times, which has given the emperor various military powers. Based on the principle of constitutional monarchy. Among them, the Supreme Command is the only one among the many constitutional countries in the pre-war world that is clearly stated in the constitution. It is also closely related to its militarism and the expansion of military power later. In addition, the General Staff Headquarters was established by borrowing experience from domestic and foreign wars and the German system, which became the beginning of the independence of Japan's command. However, as the country's national strength increased, it moved towards the path of militarism. As a result, the national system and various military systems established by the Meiji Restoration were gradually altered only to be in World War II and suffered the fate of disintegration.