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"A Concern for the Whole Population": Lessons for Taiwan from Sweden's Total Defense Approach and National Defense Mobilization System
全民關切之事：瑞典「全民防衛」策略與國防動員體系對臺灣的啟示
Abstracts
This article compares Taiwan's and Sweden's national defense mobilization systems, with an emphasis on Taiwan's recent efforts to build a whole-of-society defense resilience in contrast to Sweden's historical total defense and current rebuilding of total defense. Starting from critical debates in Taiwan on the need to strengthen civil defense and involve the population in its defense, as well as total defense scholarship, this article identifies and discusses areas, institutional mechanisms, and social and cultural dynamics that enhance the robustness of the Swedish total defense approach. After comparing Taiwan's and Sweden's defense mobilization systems, the article identifies and discusses four areas in Sweden that Taiwan could draw upon: the role of voluntary defense organizations and the institutional mechanisms that enable these organizations to play a critical role in Sweden's total defense, the strategic role of the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency to coordinate, support and command civil actors of the total defense, the importance of policies to support non-profit organizations in society at large, and lastly the centrality of strategic communication and availability of information, handbooks and courses to enhance civil preparedness. The findings suggest that the Swedish case illustrates how institutional design, institutional mechanisms, financial support, and clearer missions and division of tasks can render civil defense more professional and well-prepared for a wartime scenario. Based on these findings and by engaging with scholarship on the cultural factors behind change in defense approaches, the article concludes by discussing policy recommendations for Taiwan.
Keywords
total defense ； whole-of-society defense ； resilience ； Sweden ； defense mobilization ； TaiwanParallel abstracts
本文著重介紹近年臺灣致力建構「全民防衛韌性」體系與瑞典「全民防衛」，並從中比較兩國的國防動員體系及當前重建進程之間的差異。本文從臺灣對強化民防與全民參與防衛策略的論證出發，結合「全民防衛」相關學術研究，探討瑞典制度中強化防衛韌性的領域、制度機制，以及社會與文化動態。經比較兩國的動員體系後，本文指出臺灣可借鏡瑞典的4個面向：1、「志願防衛組織」（VDO）在瑞典全民防衛體系中的作用，以及其能發揮關鍵作用的制度機制；2、瑞典民防事務局在協調、支援與指揮民間防衛行動中的戰略角色；3、支持社會各界非營利組織的政策重要性；4、戰略溝通、資訊、手冊和課程的普及，對於提高全民防災準備至關重要。研究結果顯示，瑞典的案例說明制度設計、機制協調、財政支援、任務明確性與職責劃分等因素，能使民防更具專業性，並為戰時情境做好準備。最後結合防衛策略變革背後的文化因素研究，提出對臺灣政府制定政策的建議。