Xinjiang painted pottery bears witness to the prehistoric exchanges of Chinese civilization, with the evolution of decorative art chronicling the nation's exchanges and integrations. Its aesthetic features embody the early aesthetic consciousness and cultural spirit. This paper, focusing on the decorative patterns of Xinjiang painted pottery, identifies the primary expressions of these patterns and decorative aesthetics, using these insights to trace the evolution of aesthetic consciousness in the context of Chinese civilization's exchanges. It then delves into the relationship and potential pathways between Xinjiang painted pottery and the aesthetic construction of national imagery.