- 期刊
晚清中国“约定自开”商埠之开埠方式考析－以辽南安东为典型案例
An Analysis on the Opening Type of Commercial Ports Opened According to Agreement Stipulating Self-opening in Late Qing Dynasty: Taking Antung (安东) as a Typical Case
摘要
“约定自开”商埠作为一种特殊的商埠类型，本身既有“自开”的因素，又有“约定”的成分，似乎是一个矛盾综合体，史学界对其属于何种开埠方式，历来争议不断。开埠方式的判定应遵循条约规定与开埠实践相结合的双重标准，由于不平等条约并未明确规定中外在“约定自开”商埠的权利与义务，开埠实践中的主权归属就成为判断其开埠方式的主要依据，可从行政权与司法权归属、关税主导权、租界问题三方面入手进行全面考量。安东作为该类商埠的典型代表，是中美商约谈判相互妥协的产物，依照上述标准可判定其开埠方式为“自开”。这为其他“约定自开”商埠之开埠方式的判定提供了合理模式，即开埠实践中的主权归属模式。对“约定自开”商埠之开埠方式进行考析，可从侧面反映出该类商埠的殖民程度。
並列摘要
As a special type of port, the commercial ports opened according to agreement stipulating self-opening up seems like a contradiction, which including both voluntary nature and agreed component. Historians have always been disputing about what kind of port they belong to. It should follow two standards to judge the type of this kind of port, namely to combine the provisions of the treaty and the practice of port opening. Since the unequal treaties did not specify the rights and obligations of China and foreign countries in the ＂agreed self-opening＂ ports, the sovereign entitlement in the practice has become the main basis for judging the type of port opening, which can be considered from three aspects: the attribution of executive power and judicial power, ownership of custom duties, and concession. Being a typical representative of this kind of commercial port, Antung (安东, in Liaoning province) is the product of the compromise in Sino-American negotiations over commercial treaty. According to the above criteria, Andong can be determined as ＂self-opening＂ port, which provided the reasonable mode to judge the way of opening of other ＂self-opening＂ commercial port, and it can reflect the degree of colonization of this kind of commercial port to some extent.