钚-239的生产与苏联核计划

Plutonium-239 Production and Soviet Nuclear Program

张文华(ZHANG Wen-hua)

《史学集刊》 199期 (2022/03) Pp. 68-76

摘要

苏联核计划中使用的核裂变材料主要有钚-239和铀-235，其中钚-239的生产率先取得成功，1949年8月29日苏联试爆的第一颗原子弹PIIC-1所使用的核裂变材料便是钚-239。1949年之前，钚-239的生产具有试验性特征，1949年之后，钚-239进入了工业规模化的生产阶段。在钚-239的工业生产阶段，反应堆技术、放射化学技术和化学冶金技术都不断完善，实现了产能提高、成本下降、安全生产等目标，形成了完善的钚工业综合体，不仅为俄罗斯联邦留下了丰厚的钚产品，还为其钚-239的生产奠定了坚实基础。

關鍵字

苏联核计划 ； 钚-239 ； 反应堆技术 ； 放射化学技术 ； 化学冶金技术

並列摘要

The main nuclear fissile materials used in the Soviet nuclear program were plutonium-239 and uranium-235, of which plutonium-239 production was the first to be successful, the nuclear fissile material used in the first Soviet atomic bomb that called RDS-1 test explosion on August 29, 1949 was plutonium-239. Prior to 1949, the production of plutonium-239 was experimental in character, and after 1949 it entered the stage of industrial-scale production. During the stage of industrial production of plutonium-239, reactor technology, radiochemical technology and chemical metallurgy technology had been improved, achieving the goals such as increased capacity, reduced costs and safe production, forming a complete plutonium industrial complex, it not only left rich plutonium products for the Russian Federation, but also laid a solid foundation for the production of plutonium-239.

並列關鍵字

Soviet nuclear program ； plutonium-239 ； reactor technology ； radiochemical technology ； chemical metallurgical technology