- 期刊
清代运河漕运剥船建置述论
A Review of the Establishment of Ships for Transporting Tribute Grain on the Canal in Qing Dynasty
摘要
运河漕运剥船是专门用于剥挽漕粮的船只。元末明初是漕运剥船制度确立和发展的重要阶段，永乐朝以后北运河沿岸的剥船设置范围逐渐扩大。入清后，因运河水情、通航能力和航行方式不一，漕船每至河道淤浅之处受阻，清廷遂置体积较小、船底平缓、载重较轻的漕运剥船，分载越浅。相较于明代，清代漕运剥船设立的范围和规模更广，清廷在北运河段剥船的基础上，增设其他运河段剥船，以备遇浅起剥。晚清漕粮海运，沙船径直天津，然向来“沙船不入河，河船不放洋”，故北运河段的剥船设置依旧。清代漕运剥船的设立实现了漕粮运转的区域化和资源调配的细分化，体现了清代社会治理与自然环境的密切联系和相互作用。
並列摘要
The ships for transporting tribute grain on the canal are special ones used for transshipping grain. The late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties witnessed the important stage of the establishment and development of the system of ships for transporting tribute grain. Since the period of Emperor Yongle(永乐), the range of installation of barge along the North Canal gradually expanded. After entering the Qing Dynasty, due to the different water conditions of the canal, navigability and mode of navigation, the ships were blocked almost each time when they reached a shallow spot in the channel, therefore, the Qing court installed small-sized boats, with flat bottom and lighter load, to transship the grain in shallow water. Compared with the Ming Dynasty, the scope and scale of the ships for transporting tribute grain in the Qing Dynasty were wider. On the basis of installing the boats on the North Canal, the Qing court added boats on other canals to deal with the shallow water. In the late Qing Dynasty, when the grain was transported by sea, the large junks went straight to Tianjin. However, large junks always do not enter into the river, and river boats do not go into the ocean. Therefore, the installing of boats on the North Canal remained unchanged. The establishment of ships for transporting tribute grain in the Qing Dynasty realized the regionalization of grain transportation and the subdivision of resource allocation, which reflected the close connection and interaction between social governance and the natural environment in the Qing Dynasty.