南朝位阶制度考释

An Examination of the Rank System of the Southern Dynasties

柴芃(CHAI Peng)

《史学集刊》 213期 (2024/07) Pp. 63-74

摘要

出于加强皇权的需要，南朝初期复置了很多东晋时期省并的官职，并新设了大量王府僚佐官。在这种情况下，以官品九品为核心的魏晋旧制丧失了实际功能，而新生效的官员位阶制度即为十八班。此制的主体结构在魏晋时期并不存在，其与魏晋官品的差异，实为南朝与魏晋官制体系的不同。不过，官品在南朝并未被淘汰，而是在吸收班制的基础上形成了“陈官品”。南朝官制中共存的班和品，并非散阶与职位的关系。南朝单个官职的位阶高低，以班次而非官品为准。南朝带帖制度与班制关系密切。官员兼领多官时，往往以东、西省官或散号将军作为带帖官，带帖官和主职的班次共同决定了官员位次。

關鍵字

南朝 ； 位阶 ； 班制 ； 带帖 ； 散号将军

並列摘要

At the beginning of the Southern Dynasties, in order to strengthen the imperial power, many official posts that had been reduced during the Eastern Jin Dynasty were reset, and a large number of new assisting officials were set up. In this case, the old system of Wei and Jin, which centered on the nine grades of rank(九品), lost its practical function, while the newborn eighteen classes rank system(十八班)has taken over from the former. The main structure of this system did not exist in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the discrepancies between the two systems reflect the differences between the official system of the Southern Dynasties and that of the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Nevertheless, the official rank had not been eliminated in the Southern Dynasties, but formed "Chen(陈)official rank" on the basis of absorbing the class rank system. The coexistence of class and rank in the official system of the Southern Dynasties is not the relationship between Sanjie(散阶, referring to the rank of an official with no fixed duties)and the position. The rank of a single official position in the Southern Dynasties was determined by the class rather than the official rank. Daitie(带帖, holding other official position at the same time)system was closely related to the class system. When an official hold two or more posts in Southern Dynasties, the east and west department(东西省)officials and Sanhao(散号)general are usually used as Daitie official, and the order of the class of Daitie official and the main position together determine the rank of the officers.

並列關鍵字

Southern Dynasty ； rank ； 18 classes rank system ； Daitie(带帖, holding other official position at the same time)system ； Sanhao general(散号, referring to a title of general who has no troops and actual command)