- 期刊
1963年伯明翰运动与肯尼迪政府民权法案的出台
The 1963 Birmingham Campaign and the Proposal of Civil Rights Bill by Kennedy Administration
摘要
自1960年入座运动开展以来，美国民权运动在直接行动阶段取得了一系列丰硕成果，但这种非暴力斗争在奥尔巴尼运动中却遭到重大挫败。为避免重蹈覆辙并防止民权运动进入“冷却期”，马丁．路德．金和南方基督教领导大会周密筹划，特意选择在种族隔离十分严重且容易激起种族暴力的伯明翰市开展民权运动。金不仅公开发表《伯明翰狱中来信》，而且把黑人学童带到民权运动的现场。伯明翰运动促使美国民权运动走向激进化。伯明翰警察局长康纳下令用高压水龙头和警犬对付非暴力的示威民众，甚至连黑人学童亦不例外。这一幕给美国的国家形象、声誉和外交造成巨大伤害，威胁到美国在冷战中对20世纪60年代大量新兴的非洲独立国家的争夺。伯明翰运动唤起了美国社会具有同情心和正义感的白人民众的支持，而且迫使肯尼迪政府从冷战成败的高度出台了民权法案。美国民权运动由此进入民权立法的黄金时代。
並列摘要
American civil rights movement has achieved a series of fruitful results in Direct Action since Sit-in movement in 1960, but this non-violent struggle suffered a major defeat in Albany campaign. In order to avoid further failures and to prevent civil rights movement from entering a "cooling off period," Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference prepared carefully. They chose Birmingham deliberately to launch civil rights movement, where was prone to ignite racial conflict. King did not only release the Letter from Birmingham Jail, but also brought black schoolchildren to the place where civil rights movement struck. Birmingham Campaign contributed to the radicalization of civil rights movement in the United States. Birmingham City Commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor gave orders to use high-pressure hoses and police dogs to attack non-violent demonstrators, even black schoolchildren. This scene caused great damage to American international image, reputation, and diplomatic policy, which jeopardized the competition with Soviet Union for a large number of newly independent African countries during Cold War in 1960s. Thus, the Birmingham Campaign succeeded in creating a situation so crisis-packed. It did not only win the support of those who has compassion and sense of justice, but also forced Kennedy administration to present an omnibus civil rights bill to the success of Cold War. The civil rights movement thus entered a golden age of civil rights legislation.