Poverty alleviation work has always been a hot issue of social concern. In recent years, the Party and the country have carried out many explorations on the road to poverty alleviation. The government has successively issued a number of related policies, striving to mobilize the forces of the social level to participate in poverty alleviation. As a major participant in the capital market, listed companies have the obligation to undertake social responsibilities and have become an important force in poverty alleviation. Since 2016, at the request of the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges, companies have disclosed their participation in poverty alleviation in their annual reports. In recent years, private enterprises have actively participated in poverty alleviation and played an important role in the battle against poverty. This paper analyzes factors that affect the investment of enterprises in targeted poverty alleviation, and provides suggestions for policies to guide enterprises to actively participate in poverty alleviation. Taking Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2016 to 2020 as the research object, this paper empirically analyzes the influencing factors of the targeted poverty alleviation behavior of listed companies. The results show that listed companies with a larger scale, better performance and higher executive compensation tend to invest more in targeted poverty alleviation.