Achieving green and sustainable development and high‐quality economic growth is the forward goal of China's economic development, and green finance has an important impact on China's high‐quality economic growth through green transformation of enterprises, ecological industrial structure and green technological innovation, and thus. This paper analyzes the basic functions of green finance and the transmission mechanism of its impact on economic growth by combing the relevant literature on green finance and high‐quality economic development at home and abroad and taking the externalities of green finance as the premise. Based on the measurement analysis of the development history, status and level of green finance and economic growth, the impact of green finance on economic growth is analyzed empirically from the micro mechanism level using relevant models, and the impact of green finance on enterprises is analyzed through the regulation effect and intermediary effect models; the intermediary effect model is used to analyze the impact of green finance on economic through two paths of industrial structure optimization and green technological innovation The effect of green finance on economic growth through two paths of industrial structure optimization and green technology innovation and the heterogeneous effects of different green financial instruments on economic growth in each region are analyzed using the mediating effect model. In this paper, the micromechanisms, transmission paths and regional heterogeneity of green finance impact on high‐quality economic development are organically combined to systematically analyze the comprehensive effects of green finance on enterprise effects, transmission paths and regional heterogeneity of economic growth from both theoretical and empirical aspects. On the basis of the empirical study, we propose countermeasures to promote economic growth with green finance at four levels, including the state, local government, financial institutions and enterprises, respectively.