Agriculture is the foundation of our country, and agriculture and rural areas are the important fields to achieve the goal of "double carbon". China's traditional agricultural production model with high pollution, high energy consumption and high investment needs to be adjusted urgently. Based on the cross‐sectional data of 31 provinces in China in 2020, this paper studies the impact of fiscal support for agriculture, urbanization rate, planting structure, and fertilizer input intensity on agricultural carbon emissions using the least squares model. The results showed that the improvement of the level of financial support for agriculture and the urbanization rate helped to reduce agricultural carbon emissions, and the improvement of grain planting area and fertilizer input intensity promoted agricultural carbon emissions. The research provides theoretical basis for agricultural carbon emission reduction under the dual carbon target in China, and contributes to the sustainable development of low‐carbon environmental protection.