- 期刊
臺灣地區乳羊飼養現況之調查
Survey on feeding status of dairy goat industry in Taiwan
摘要
臺灣養羊產業應逐步朝向知識飼養和專業經營等方向邁進，而產業發展需要充分資訊提供參考。本調查共訪談139戶飼養規模在100頭以上之乳羊場，受訪場數與羊隻飼養頭數分別占國內地區53.7%與在養量92.9%。在養頭數71.3%為阿爾拜因山羊。在春天與秋天之仔羊出生頭數顯著高於在夏天與冬天，不同季節出生之仔羊離乳育成率並無顯著差異，平均為81.1%。仔羊於出生後7日內死亡比例最高，造成仔羊最常見死亡主因為下痢與肺炎。只有47.3%乳羊場於仔羊14日齡內給予教槽料。有71.2%之乳羊場於3月齡將仔羊離乳。有88.5%乳羊場為羊隻去角，其中有93.1%乳羊場於仔羊30日齡內執行去角。泌乳羊群頭數以飼養200頭以下佔大多數（85.3%），不滿4歲齡即淘汰之羊場比例高達67.9%。平均乳羊生產3至4胎即淘汰之比例為最高（46.5%）。受調查之乳羊場有60.7%每日每頭泌乳羊泌乳量超過2 kg以上。畜主年齡層分佈以55至65歲占45.4%為最多。羊場主要管理人有89.1%為男性，每場平均工作人數為3.03 ± 1.1，每人管理96.4 ± 41.8頭。畜牧場產權有95.6%為自有資產。羊舍屋齡、面積及羊床高度分別為23.6 ± 1.39年、835 m^2及1.38 ± 0.56 m。僅有45.3%使用機械式糞便清除設備。有82.5%建立羊隻個體識別標籤，但僅不到30%羊場確實執行場內繁殖、飼養、成本紀錄。綜上所述，臺灣乳羊產業在羊隻飼養管理上已具有基本觀念，惟在仔羊早期離乳、母羊使用年限、泌乳量及人力使用效率上都還有改善空間，且應落實牧場管理紀錄，做為場內育種、經營效率及疾病管理之參考依據。本研究調查可作為乳羊產業基盤資料，提供產業發展參考與往後相關研究之基礎。
並列摘要
The goat industry should develop knowledge in raising and professional management gradually, which could provide reference in Taiwan. A total of 139 goat farms with a feeding scale of more than 100 heads were surveyed. The number of farms surveyed and goat raised accounted for 53.7% and 92.9% of the domestic total farms and dairy goat population respectively. 71.3% of raised goat breeds were Alpine goats. The number of kids born in spring and autumn was significantly higher than that in summer and winter. There was no significant difference in the survival rate of goat kid born in different seasons, which averaged above 80%. Mortality of goat kid was the highest within 7 days after birth as compared with other stages. The most common causes of death for goat kids were diarrhea and pneumonia. Only 47.3% of farms gave creep feed to goat kids within 14 days of age. Age at weaning was 3.0 ± 1.1 months in 71.2% of farms. 88.5% of farms were dehorned the goat kids, and 93.1% of them were done within 30 days of age. The heads of lactating goat was the majority (85.3%) raised below 200. 67.9% of goat who were culled under the fourth parity. On average, lactating goats were culled within 3-4 parity (46.5%). Between 55 to 65 years old of owners was most distributed, accounting for 45.4%. 89.1% of main managers were male. The average number of workers per farm was 3.03 ± 1.1, one labor managed 96.4 ± 41.8 heads of goats. The property rights of farms were 95.6% with self-owned assets. The average barn year of goat farm was 23.6 ± 1.39 years, area of goat barn and height of high-bed was 835 m2 and 1.38 ± 0.56 m, respectively. Only 45.3% of goat farms were used mechanical manure removal equipment. 82.5% of farms have established individual identification for goats, but only less than 30% of farms actually implement reproduction, feeding, and cost records. In short, Taiwan's dairy goat industry has basic concepts in feeding management. However, it will need promote in the early weaning of kids, the productive life of the does, milk yield and the efficiency of worker use in the future. In addition, management records should be implemented as a reference for breeding, operating efficiency, and disease management. The survey of dairy goat farms could be used as primary information to provide references for future industry development and related research.