- 期刊
格劳秀斯对自然法和自然权利理论的影响——现代人权观念的思想起源
Grotius' Influence on the Theory of Natural Law and Natural Rights-The Intellectual Origins of the Concept of Modern Human Rights
摘要
胡果．格劳秀斯不仅是近代国际法学最重要的奠基者，也被视为“近代自然法学之父”。他对于自然法理论“近代化”的主要贡献，并不在于提出“上帝不存在”的假设，而在于对经院哲学的突破：自然法可根据人性和理性发现；对自然法分析方法的创新；摆脱了神学体系的羁绊；对基督教内不同教派主张宗教宽容。格劳秀斯提出“原始状态”以及共有财产和私有财产概念，主张自保权和惩罚犯罪既是自然权利，也是正义战争的理由。格劳秀斯对诸如霍布斯、普芬多夫和洛克等17世纪最重要的自然法理论家都有很大影响，并通过他们影响到18世纪的欧洲思想启蒙运动、美国独立和法国大革命。特别是作为格劳秀斯的英国“门徒”，洛克所阐述的自然权利、限权政府以及自由主义学说，不仅成为西方国家立宪民主制的理论根基，也是现代人权观念的思想起源。在当代国际人权法的形成和发展过程中，自然法和自然权利理论仍然不失为一种促进因素。
並列摘要
Hugo Grotius is not only the most important founder of modern international law, but also has been regarded as "the father of modern natural law". His main role in the "modernization" of natural law theory was not to put forward the hypothesis that "God does not exist" (Etiamsi daremus), but rather in the breakthrough of scholasticism: natural law can be found according to human nature and reason; the innovation of analysis method on natural law; get rid of the shackles of the theological system; religious tolerance for different denominations within Christianity. Grotius put forward the concept of the "primitive state" and the concept of common property and private property, arguing that the right of self-preservation and the punishment of crime were both natural rights and the reasons for a just war. Grotius had a great influence on the most important natural law theorists of the 17th century, such as Hobbes, Puffendorf, and Locke, and through them influenced the European Enlightenment, American independence and the French Revolution in the 18th century. In particular, the doctrines of natural rights, limited government and liberalism expounded by Locke, an English "disciple" of Grotius, have not only become the theoretical foundation of Constitutional democracy in Western countries, but also the intellectual origins of the modern concept of human rights. In the process of the formation and development of contemporary international human rights law, the theory of natural law and natural rights remains a promoting factor.