社會利用與動員遣散：作為國家行動者的律師

抗爭政治理論致力於尋找關鍵機制，來解釋集體抗議的興起、演變軌跡與行動的結果。社會利用是一個反覆出現並且深刻影響集體抗議的關鍵機制。已有的研究探討了社會利用機制的運作條件，不過，這些條件是以社會行動者為中心的、以抗議動員為取向的。至於國家在甚麼條件下動員「第三方」組織抑制社會行動者的集體抗議行動，至今仍然還是一個研究空白。中國的司法政治為國家行動者動員律師、成功消解對抗行動，提供了有力的案例。通過分析國家、律師和怨恨者的互動關係，本文發現，社會利用發揮作用取決於以下三個條件：國家必須建立起對先前的、獨立的社會組織在制度上或非制度上的主導權，使得後者在某些方面依附於前者；國家必須通過文化建設，說服先前存在的組織參與到遣散集體行動者的合作過程；社會行動者強調的集體身份，得到了先前存在的組織的認同。

關鍵字

抗爭政治理論；社會利用；信訪；過程－機制理論；調解

並列摘要

The theory of contentious politics is dedicated to seeking crucial mechanisms to account for the emergence, evolving trajectory and consequences of collective actions. Social appropriation is one of the recurrent and influential mechanisms. Existing studies have explored the conditions under which social appropriation operates. However, such conditions relate to the fact that social actors are seen as the centre and that explanation orientation is pertinent to contentious upward mobilisation. The situation in which state actors mobilise independent existing organisations to defuse contentious actions has been a gap that needs to be filled. Judicial politics in China offers a powerful case to account how state actors successfully mobilise lawyers to demobilise contentious actions. This study found the running conditions of the mechanism of social appropriation through analysing the interactive relations among the state, lawyers and the grieved. First, the state must establish dominance over existing organisations in an institutional or un-institutional way such that these organisations rely on the state. Second, the state must set up a cultural frame for the willingness and cooperation of these organisations to demobilise collective contention. Finally, collective identity recognised that social actors are confirmed and supported by these existing organisations.