- 期刊
- OpenAccess
以夏變夷：晚明“天下全圖”的域外知識來源與製圖觀
Re-Mapping the World with Hua-yi Order: The Sources of Knowledge about the Foreign and the Cartographic Thought of the Map under the Heaven in the Late Ming Dynasty
摘要
曹君義《天下九邊分野人跡路程全圖》爲晚明出現的一種複合型“世界地圖”，它以變形南、北美洲大陸爲海島的繪圖方式爲特徵，雖吸收部分西學地理内容，但該圖並非受利瑪竇地圖直接影響。本文通過比對圖中美、歐、非洲的圖像特徵與文字内容，認爲其參考自傳教士艾儒略的《萬國全圖》，而另一種以諸多小島表現域外國家的製圖方式（如梁輈《乾坤萬國全圖古今人物事跡》），則受利瑪竇地圖影響。因此，依照域外知識來源，可將明清流傳的含有職方國與《山海經》神話之國的世界地圖分爲三類：九邊型全圖、四海五洲型全圖、四海島夷型全圖。這些結合中西地理知識、帶有想象色彩的早期世界地圖，反映了晚明地理製圖由關注“九邊”到“以夏變夷”的一種觀念變化。
並列摘要
Cao Junyi's 曹君義Tianxia jiubian fenye renji lucheng quantu 天下九邊分野人跡路程全圖(Complete Map of the Allotted Fields, Human Traces, and Routes within and without the Nine Borders under Heaven ) is a composite "world map" in the late Ming dynasty. This map followed Chinese cartographic tradition to place China in the center and represented North and South Americas as islands. Although it absorbed some knowledge from Western geography, it was not directly influenced by the map made by Matteo Ricci. This article provides comparisons of the map's visual representations and texts about Americas, Europe, and Africa, and concludes that its major source of knowledge about the foreign was Jesuit missionary Giulio Aleni's Wanguo quantu 萬國全圖(Complete map of All Countries),whereas the method of representing foreign countries as small islands (such as in Liang Zhou's 梁輈Qiankun wangguo quantu gujin renwu shiji 乾坤萬國全圖古今人物事跡[The Map of the Astronomical Correspondence of the Nine Regions with a Record of Human Affairs from the Past to the Present]) was an influence from Ricci's map. Therefore, according to the source of knowledge about the foreign, the world maps with foreign nations and mythological states in Shan hai jing 山海經(Classic of Mountains and Seas) widely circulated in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties can be categorized into three types: nine-border zones version, four-ocean and five-continent version, four-ocean and maritime foreigners version. These early world maps show a combination of Chinese and Western geographic knowledge and imagination of the world. Meanwhile, they reflect a shift of cartographic interest focusing from the nine-border zones to the Hua-Yi order.