- 期刊
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客家文化重點發展區自治或官治之分析：族群治理的觀點
Analysis of Autonomy or Appointed District Directorship in Key Development Areas of Hakka Culture: The Perspective of Ethnic Governance
摘要
臺灣於2009年修正地方制度法，賦予縣（市）改制為直轄市法源。縣市改制為直轄市後，許多原採自治的鄉（鎮、市）改制為官治的區；惟因原住民族地方自治需要，2014年修正地方制度法，建構「直轄市山地原住民區」，回復原住民族的自治。又2018年修正客家基本法，保障原採自治但改制為官治的「客家文化重點發展區」之族群語言文化的自主發展。原住民族、客家族群為臺灣的少數族群。本文以歐洲理事會的歐洲地方自治憲章，及歐洲聯盟的「輔助性原則」，演繹出「盡可能接近公民」的「基層自治」概念，並運用少數族群權利保障國際標準，探討臺灣直轄市區級政府之官治或自治，獲致的研究發現為：（1）於少數族群聚居區域，實施地方自治，不但有利於族群治理，而且該自治團體可成為推動族群權利發展的引擎；（2）原為自治的客家文化重點發展區，改採官治後，減損客家人族群治理，並危及客家語言及文化的傳承。為實現國際人權法的少數族群權利保障，反饋至「盡可能接近公民」的「基層自治」概念，本文建議：官治的客家文化重點發展區，應回復為自治，可優先實施於客家人口比例達二分之一的「客語為主要通行語地區」。
並列摘要
In 2009, Taiwan amended the Local Government Act to create a path for promoting counties/cities into municipalities. When promoted as municipalities, many autonomous townships were transformed into districts led by appointed directors. To respond to the local autonomy needs of indigenous people, the Local Government Act was amended to establish 'Mountain Indigenous Districts of Special Municipalities' in 2014. In 2018, the Hakka Basic Act was amended to ensure the development of the Hakka language and culture in the 'Key Development Areas of Hakka Culture' in the townships with autonomy that are now districts under appointed directors. Aboriginal and Hakka ethnics are minorities in Taiwan. This paper develops the 'grassroots autonomy' of 'as close as possible to citizens' idea from the European Charter of Local Self-Government of the Council of Europe and 'the principle of subsidiarity' of the European Union, as well as the international standards of minority rights protection, to look at the advantages and disadvantages of appointed directorship versus autonomy of district government in municipalities in Taiwan. This paper concludes that (1) implementing local autonomy where ethnic groups concentrate is not only favorable to ethnic governance but also serves as an engine for promoting the development of ethnic rights. (2) The Key Development Areas of Hakka Culture policy, originally for autonomy but changed to the appointed district directorship, damages the Hakka governance and harms the passing on of the Hakka language and culture. To fulfill minorities' rights and to conform with the 'grassroots autonomy' of 'as close as possible to citizens' idea, the policy recommendation of this paper is that the Key Development Areas of Hakka Culture should re-adopt autonomy, giving priority to the 'Hakka language as the main regional language areas.'