- 期刊
- OpenAccess
科技民族主義：引領美國半導體產業政經趨勢的看不見的手
Techno-nationalism and Its Impact on the Political and Economic Trends of the U.S. Semiconductor Industry
摘要
近幾十年來，科技民族主義在帶給美國最大規模的外交、國防與貿易政策等等棘手問題中，以貫穿國家權力、經濟治國，以及工業革命的歷史脈絡為基礎，凸顯出國家經濟實力、國家安全、甚至社會穩定、與其領先科技企業、大學和政府機構的技術實力息息相關的真相。科技民族主義正在美國迅速取得共識，並在美國立法者的新政策中重新出現，包括：美國出口管制規則、美國晶片與科學法、友案外包，等等相關規則。本研究以科技民族主義為主軸，透過文獻分析，剖析它是看不見的手，對於美國半導體產業帶來的衝擊，以及由此所直接衍生的政治與經濟相關效應。研究結果發現，美國持續掌握世界科技市場主導地位的關鍵要素在制定能夠激勵企業創新並與企業建立新型策略聯盟的正確政策。此外，美國開發與研發、教育和人力資本的合作夥伴關係，將可有效預防，「加拉巴哥症候群」（Galapagos Syndrome）。美國國會支持半導體製造本土化，因此任何攸關國家安全的風險考量，優先於國內選民的政策需求。最後，地緣政治佔據全球商業布局的首要地位。掌握對全球半導體貿易的主要控制等於取得世界霸主地位。科技民族主義的貿易政策重塑全球半導體供應鏈，某種程度上反映在世界地圖，竭力抑制日益加劇的對抗與分裂。
並列摘要
Techno-Nationalism features at its cutting edge of high technology as a singular symbol of national achievement and systemic challenges to global governance, wending it through a history of state power, industrial revolutions, and economic statecraft. Techno-Nationalism, which holds that a nation's economic strength and its national security, even its social stability, is linked to the technological prowess of its leading tech companies, universities and government institutions. Techno-nationalist approach is quickly gaining consensus and re-emerging in the new policies by US lawmakers. A recent example of this is 2022 Export Controls, friendshoring, and the CHIPS for America Act into law as part of a larger US$280 billion CHIPS and Science Act appropriation. Based on the focus of technological nationalism, this study analyzes the impact of technological nationalism on the U.S. semiconductor industry and its direct political and economic effects through literature analysis and in-depth interviews. The study found that the key to the United States' dominance of the world technology market lies in the policies that incentivize innovation and create new strategic alliances with firms. In addition, the partnerships that U.S. develops with allies in the fields of research and education, and human resource will be effective in preventing Galapagos syndrome. The U.S. Congress supports the localization of semiconductor manufacturing, therefore, threats to the U.S. national security take precedence over the policy needs of Americans. Finally, geopolitics dominate global business strategy. The controls on trade in semiconductors are now a harbinger for how techno-nationalist trade policies are reshaping global supply chains. Techno-Nationalism reflects in some ways the map of a world increasingly coming asunder as it struggles to contain a gathering confrontation.