- 期刊
文革時期的「牛棚」之研究－以季羨林為例
Research on the "Cowshed" During the Cultural Revolution: A Case Study of Ji Xianlin
摘要
1966年5月25日聶元梓在北大寫了一張馬列主義的大字報，造成當時的北大教授全部無一倖免的被打成反動學術權威。季羨林（1911-2009），從原本加入造反派的井岡山到被打成右派，只因為他有三件東西：一把菜刀、一封裝著燒焦的舊信件、以及一張被畫了紅X的蔣介石和宋美齡的照片。這三件東西使他站上批鬥大會成為被批鬥的對象。從春初到1968年5月3日為批鬥、審訊加勞動階段。《牛棚雜憶》第十三章還寫到他們要自己搭建牛棚；文中也把整個被批鬥的過程、蹲牛棚經過，鉅細靡遺的敘述，偶爾戲謔似的嘲諷著此番悲痛遭遇，以及他差點到圓明園自殺的心路歷程，以至經歷批鬥之後，發覺自己還能忍受這等屈辱，決定好好活著的思想轉變；且幽幽憶述直到被釋放之後，長年存在精神上的匱乏感。本文將從季羨林的回憶錄，佐以季承、楊絳、韓麗明、郝斌等人的回憶錄，進行研究「牛棚事件」－被關押之後，這些學術權威們如何度過無比艱苦的日子，以及探討牛棚的關押批鬥模式－探討他們被關押進牛棚的各自緣由，是筆者欲探知的問題；第二部分，本文嘗試處理牛棚在文革時期的歷史意義－梳理牛棚之於當事者到底是榮耀抑或苦痛，此部分將援引口述歷史的資料進行相關回憶錄的梳理。
並列摘要
This study delves into the phenomenon of the "cowshed" during the Cultural Revolution, with a particular focus on the experiences of Ji Xianlin (1911-2009). On May 25, 1966, Nie Yuanzi's posting of a big-character poster at Peking University, advocating for Marxism-Leninism, marked the beginning of a widespread campaign against the university's professors, branding them en masse as reactionary academic authorities. Ji Xianlin, initially aligned with the revolutionary faction in Jinggangshan, was later condemned as a rightist for merely possessing a kitchen knife, a box of burnt letters, and a photograph of Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling defaced with a red X. These items precipitated his public criticism and humiliation. Spanning from early spring to May 3, 1968, Ji's ordeal encompassed a harrowing sequence of denunciation, trial, and forced labor. In the thirteenth chapter of his memoir Random Memories of the Cowshed Ji details the construction of the cowshed by its detainees and provides a meticulous account of the entire denunciation process, the living conditions within the cowshed, and his personal reflections. These narratives occasionally adopt a tone of self-deprecating humor to underscore the absurdity of his suffering and contemplate his near-suicidal despair at the Old Summer Palace, culminating in a profound transformation towards resilience and a renewed will to live. Despite his eventual release, Ji continued to grapple with the psychological aftermath of his experiences. This paper aims to explore the "Cowshed Incident" through the lens of Ji Xianlin's memoirs, augmented by accounts from Ji Cheng, Yang Jiang, Han Liming, and Hao Bin, to investigate the experiences of these intellectual elites during their imprisonment. It seeks to understand the operational mechanisms of the cowshed, the criteria for detention, and the broader implications for the targeted academic authorities. Furthermore, the second part of this study assesses the historical significance of the cowshed in the context of the Cultural Revolution, evaluating its impact on the victims in terms of honor and suffering, through an analysis of oral histories and personal memoirs.