- 期刊
- OpenAccess
文學作品對平仄的迷思
The myth to Level tone and Oblique tone of literature works
摘要
文學講究「平」「仄」，是漢語獨有的一種文化現象。本文認為「平上去入」四聲與「平」「仄」之別，在六朝有其產生的特殊語言背景；當時聲調分四種，平聲是「平調」，上去入三聲是「非平調」，平調可以延長其讀音，非平調則否，平仄形成文學格律長短音的節奏美。其後「方音」或「通語」四聲與六朝不同，平聲未必全平，仄聲或有平調，則早先所分的「平」「仄」，失去其客觀語言的支撐；由於《切韻》系韻書做為讀書人科考定音工具，舊有平仄格律深入人心，故一千五百年來的文學作品，仍然受制於這種「平仄文化」中，直至近百年才有大幅衰退現象。本文以為隋唐以來，平仄之分實已不符口語，因此各類文學好用「平仄律」，實是一種「迷思」。
並列摘要
Valuing Level Tone (平píng) and Oblique Tone (仄zè) seriously is a unique cultural phenomenon in Chinese language. This study believes that between the Tone Patterns (平píng/上shăng/去qù/入rù) and Level & Oblique Tones has a special language background in Six Dynasties (六朝 liùcháo). Tone Patterns were divided into four types at the time; Ping was classified under Level Tone, and rests were under Non-level Tone. The pronunciation of Level Tone was available to be prolonged, but Non-level Tone were not. The combination of Level Tone and Oblique Tone forms the rhyme in literary metrics by different phonetic lengths. Afterwards, the four tones of dialect or common language are different from the six dynasty. The level tone may not be level, and the oblique tone may have a level tone. The Tone pattern of dialect or Common Language (通語 tōngyŭ) were different form Six Dynasties. Neither every Level Tone was level, nor every Oblique Tone was oblique. This development expressed that the earlier standard of Level & Oblique Tones was lost of its support of an objective language. Because the rhyme books of Qièyùn (切韻) system were a standard guide for exams and scholars in centuries, the traditional rhythm of Level & Oblique Tone were deeply rooted in their minds; Therefore, the literary works are still limited to "the culture of Level & Oblique Tone". This phenomenon had been lasting for 15 centuries, and finally experienced a sharp decline in the recent decades. This essay stands that the division of Level & Oblique Tone has not been in line with spoken language since Sui Dynasty (隋朝Suícháo) and Tang Dynasty (唐朝Tángcháo); Therefore, the preference of Level & Oblique Tone in Various literature does be a myth.