北朝B型造像記開頭套語與魏晉南北朝佛玄思想

南北朝的造像記、寺塔碑、寫經題記中，有不少以「夫至道空寂，然非言／象無以表真容」一類文句開頭的典型例，本文選出四十餘篇具代表性的直接論述文本。它們以筌蹄言意之辨結合佛陀事跡，直接解釋自己造像抄經行為的合理性。這種佛玄結合的套語源於僧肇等高僧的論述，並常見於當時的序讃、論爭，甚至道教碑刻和隋唐五代的記文中，乃一種固定說辭，是文人佛教影響民間的表現。魏晉南北朝時，大乘佛教的二諦說及方便義，與玄學的言意之辨結合，使玄學跳出崇本息末、得意忘象的傳統框架，進入即體即用的新階段，為作佛形象提供了支持。漢地的神物感應、佛教的機緣概念也與此相通，在造像文本中常與釋迦應現的典故一同出現。在關於造像的論爭中，雙方常分別運用崇本、存末的思想，佛教的像教及三時等概念與玄學本末也可互訓。但兼本迹的佛教還有色身即法身的思想，從而使漢地衍生出「丈六即真」的造像思想。北朝造像記開頭套語有著明確的思想史脈絡，是研究中古佛玄互動、民間佛教傳播的重要文本。

關鍵字

魏晉南北朝； B型造像記；玄學；言意之辨；二諦

並列摘要

Among the Southern and Northern Dynasties Buddhist inscriptions of statues, temples, towers, and writing scriptures, typical words like "The great Tao is empty and silent. But unless the words or images, the reality cannot be revealed" were frequently shown in the beginning. This paper selected more than forty typical articles which expounded those ideas directly. These formulas made use of the Substance-Function and Words-Meaning Discrimination ("言意之辨"), united them to the stories of Buddha, to directly interpret the rationality for their behavior of building statues and writing scriptures. This formula combined Metaphysics ("玄學") and Buddhism from eminent monks like Seng Zhao. At before and after, these topics and expressions were often seen in many Buddhist inscriptions and disputes, Taoist inscriptions, and even in Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties. It became a fixed excuse. This is an aspect of the phenomenon of literati Buddhism infecting folk Buddhism. In Wei, Jin, Southern, and Northern Dynasties, Mahayana Buddhism's ideas of Two Truths ("twi-satyas") and Convenient Enlightenment ("Upaya") were combined with Words-Meaning Discrimination of Metaphysics. Hence Metaphysics jumped out from the traditional frames, like "fundamental is more important than incidental," "forget the images after getting the meaning," and stepped into a new stage of "Fundamental is Incidental." The new Metaphysics supported the thoughts of "building Buddha's image." Besides the Chinese theory of interaction between spirit and substance ("神物感應"), the Buddhist concept of Linked Cause ("pratītya") is also connected with the above, and together showed often in the text of Buddhist inscriptions, with the allusion to Shakya Muni's manifestation ("prātihāya"). Between the disputes about Buddhist inscriptions, each side was related with Fundamental ("本") and the Incidental ("末"), respectively. The Buddhist concepts like Semblance ("pratirūpaka") and Three Ages were also linked with the Metaphysical Fundamental-Incidental theory. But Buddhism is not a system that stresses separation. Buddhism also said, "Appearance Body ('nirmānakāya') is the Truth Body ('dharmakāya')." Chinese Buddhism, therefore, derived the thought of "Statue is Suchness itself." The beginning formulas of Buddhist inscriptions in the Northern Dynasties were in a clear ideological vein. They were important texts for studying the interaction between Metaphysics and Buddhism, the spread of folk Buddhism in the middle of ancient times.