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論《史記》中的對話──以漢高祖與漢初三傑的對話為例
The Dialogue of "Records of the Grand Historian" - Taking the Dialogue between Han Gaozu and the Three Masters in Early Han as an Example
摘要
對話作為《史記》常用的敘事方式，為「于敘事中寓論斷」的一種手法。本文以漢朝開國帝王劉邦（256－195 B.C.）與漢初三傑的對話，由《春秋》書法探討對話如何敘事、傳人。經由「比事」、「屬辭」兩大端，觀察「其事」、「其文」，探討隱藏的「其義」。本文先由「其文」切入，分析《史記》運用對話的文學敘事，再由此進而探討「其事」的編排，最後剖析歷史敘事，挖掘司馬遷（145－86 B.C.）蘊含的「其義」。從文學敘事來看，對話善於直接表現人物的性格、情緒、心態，並顯現真相，揭露策略擬訂、表明局勢與複雜情況。其中，三傑不同的說話方式，正呼應各自最終的下場，可見太史公運用對話之妙。從歷史敘事來看，本文歸納對話可由「比事見義」、「詳重、異同見義」、「互見見義」三路徑顯現其義，得出史家不說破之意。整體而言，司馬遷透過對話，讓歷史人物現身說法，使敘事生動不枯燥，並同時蘊藏豐富史義，對話功用可見一斑。
並列摘要
Dialogue, as a common narrative method in "Records of the Grand Historian", is a method of "putting judgments in narrative". Based on the dialogue between Liu Bang, the founding emperor of the Han Dynasty, and the three heroes of the Han Dynasty, this article explores how the dialogue is narrated and passed down through the "expression of judgement of writing". Through the two major ends of "bi-shi" and "characteristics", observe "things" and "word", and explore the hidden "meanings". Therefore, this article first starts with "word", analyzes the literary narrative of dialogue, and then discusses the arrangement of "things", and finally analyzes the historical narrative and explores the "meanings". From the perspective of literary narrative, dialogue is good at directly expressing the characters' characters, emotions, and mentality, revealing the truth, revealing the formulation of strategies, and showing the situation. Among them, the different ways of speaking of the three heroes are echoing their final fates. From the perspective of historical narration, this article concludes that the dialogue can be expressed through three ways: "seeing meanings by comparing things", "seeing meanings by detailing similarities and differences", and "seeing each other's meanings", and find the meaning that historians do not explain. After all, Sima Qian uses dialogues to make historical figures appear and speak, so that the narrative is vivid and not boring, and at the same time contains rich historical meaning, the function of dialogue can be seen.