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曹操〈述志令〉及〈求賢三令〉探析
An Exploration of Cao Cao's Shu zhi ling and Qiu xian san ling
摘要
本文探討曹操四令：〈讓縣自明本志令〉、〈求賢令〉、〈敕有司取士勿廢偏短令〉、〈舉賢勿拘品行令〉。四令皆作於赤壁之戰後到曹操死前，朝廷內擁曹派及擁漢派的矛盾日益擴大，曹操發布〈述志令〉，反覆申明自己忠於漢室，絕無不臣之心。〈述志令〉洋洋灑灑，時露霸氣，是研究其生平及思想的重要材料。〈求賢三令〉雖不同時間詔告天下，但提出「不拘品行，唯才是舉」的看法，打破兩漢以來德重於才的儒家道德觀，影響甚鉅。本文即以此四令為研究材料，深入爬梳寫作背景，及曹操的心路歷程，來深化論述。此外，衛廣來〈求才令與漢魏嬗代〉以歷史角度，探討〈求賢三令〉可能的成因，異於其他以文學切入的論述，本文亦會參照此文及其他論文，並歸納出可能的結論。
並列摘要
This article explores Cao Cao's four decrees (ling): rang xian zi ming ben zhi ling, qiu xian ling, chi you si qu shi wu fei pian duan ling, and ju xian wu ju pin xing ling. These four decrees were written after the Battle of Chi-bi and before Cao's death. In court, conflicts between the Cao and Han factions gradually increased, and Cao Cao issued shu zhi ling, in which he repeatedly announced his loyalty to the House of Han. As a work of literature, Shu zhi ling is fluent, elegant and vehement, making it an interesting source of research on Cao Cao's life and way of thinking. Although Qiu xian san ling was proclaimed in different times, it conveys the idea of "not relying on moral character" and "selection based on ability," which broke out of the Confucian Han convention that upheld morality as the highest principle in selecting talent. This article uses Cao Cao's four decrees as the primary source of research and thoroughly explores the background in which they were written. It also explores Cao Cao's process of thought to deepen argumentation. Furthermore, this article uses Guanglai Wei's "qiu cai ling yu Han Wei shandai" as a historical lense, to explain how qiu xian san ling may have been formed, which is quite different from research that explores this topic from a literary perspective. Last, this article responds to other research and summarizes some possible conclusions.