如其仁：《論語》管仲評議反映的先秦君臣倫理與文化意義

Ruler-Minister Ethics and Cultural Context Reflected by the Comments on Guan Zhong in The Analects

莊正沅(CHUANG CHENG YUEN)

《雲漢學刊》 35期 (2018/04) Pp. 74-104

摘要

《論語．憲問》中，孔子師生對管仲之評議意見分歧，於褒貶當中掀貣了對於倫理規則、道德操守的重新省思。春秋戰國之際，對於人臣易主的理解，衝突在於「委質為臣」與「君臣義合」的新舊關係之上。孔子「如其仁」、「不知禮」的論定，牽涉到春秋戰國之際思維的轉變，反映出傳統禮儀的核心價值，襯顯出華夷辨析的文化認同。本文後半部分將以政治時局與倫理道德綜合討論，釐清「忠信」、「仁義」之理念為後世儒者所發微，能於人際關係的課題上切中肯綮。因而能夠穩固社稷、團結人民、維護禮樂的忠信之道者，為時代之所需；而能夠恪守禮樂精神、思量人臣關係者，即為後世之典範。

關鍵字

管仲 ； 君臣倫理 ； 禮 ； 忠信

並列摘要

Guan Zhong's being appointed as Prime Minister by Duke Huan of Qi can be understood in politico-economic, ethical, and cultural terms. Although serving two sovereigns was not approbated in the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius thought that Guan Zhong had demonstrated his "benevolence (ren)". It is related to the period's interpretation of rites and propriety (li), faithfulness and sincerity (zongxin), and benevolence and righteousness (renyi). "Without an acquaintance with the rules of propriety" indicates the cultural difference between Hua and Yi. Faithfulness and sincerity (zongxin) solidifies the country and its people, and further protects rites and music (liyue); ruler-minister righteousness (yi) coordinates li, ren, and zongxin, and illuminates the ideal relationship between ruler and minister, in response to the perception of ethics and social expectations of the period.

並列關鍵字

Guan Zhong ； Ruler-Minister Ethics ； propriety (li) ； faithfulness and sincerity (zongxin)