摘要
《左傳》係春秋時代最為成熟的史傳散文，敘事生動，長於刻劃人物性格，深刻而鮮明地反映春秋時代的歷史樣貌，洵為先秦重要的文學典籍。《左傳》一書中，「師」字凡七百二十三處，數量之多，用字之繁，字義之變，均顯見春秋時代的社會風氣。觀甲金文中「師」字的形體，即象「營帳」之形，可知「師」字最早與戰事相關。許慎《說文解字》曰：「二千五百人爲師。」此義為兵制，亦涉及戰爭武事。《左傳》中之「師」字意涵，可歸納為三類：第一，「師」與兵制有關，有軍隊、出兵和駐紮等義；第二，「師」用以指稱官制，可見教導、輔弼之官，如「太師」、「少師」和「師保」等，亦可指百官之長，如「雲師」、「樂師」和「師旅」等；最後，「師」作為專有名詞，如「京師」指都邑、「師之梁」指鄭國地名、「師服」為晉臣等。故本文著眼於此三部分，考究「師」字意涵，可知「師」字與武事、文職均有干係；進而論述「師」字所含蘊的時代背景和社會制度，旨在知其然，亦知其所以然，以期會通文、武之間的過渡徑路。
並列摘要
"Zuo zhuan" is regarded as the most mature historical biography and essay in Spring and Autumn Annals. The narration is vivid and good at portraying human characterization, deeply and clearly reflecting the historical appearance of Spring and Autumn Annals, no doubt it's an important literacy in Pre-Qin era. In "Zuo zhuan", the word "Shi" appears 723 times, with the multiplicities of use and varieties of each meaning , we can see social atmosphere of Spring and Autumn Annals. The word "Shi" in "Zuo zhuan" can be summarized in three categories: First, "Shi" is related to military systems, which has the meaning of troops,dispatching squads, or quartering; Second, "Shi" can be referred to official system, e.g. "Taishi"、"Shaoshi"、"Shibao", which means assistant or teaching officials. It also indicates the leader of many officials, like "Yunshi"、"Yueshi"、"Shilu"; Last, "Shi" as a proper noun, "Jingshi" for the capital, "Shi-zhi-liang" for a place name in Zheng country, and "Shifu" for a courtier in Jin dynasty. In this paper, we focus on those parts, investigate the meanings of "Shi" and find it that word "Shi" is correlated to both military affairs and civilian post; Moreover, we discuss the social system and age of background implied by "Shi", for which we can know how and also know why, in order to understand thoroughly between civil and military.