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《左傳》敘事與秦穆公形象塑造
Narratives in Tso-chuan and image-shaping of Duke Mu of Qin
摘要
《左傳》人物形象塑造有賴於《左傳》敘事，而《左傳》敘事必然涉及所承的《春秋》書法、史家筆法，以及《左傳》敘事語言，此部分論者已有專文論之，本文著重於《左傳》敘事時如何塑造秦穆公形象。《左傳》擅長以單一事件特寫人物形象，以對話、應答凸顯人物思想、態度，且亦善於敘戰，關於秦穆公之描寫涉及不少秦、晉間往來的戰爭，故本文試從特殊事件的細節與對話、外交詞令以及戰爭敘事來探論秦穆公形象塑造。透過《左傳》之歷史事件、詞令以及戰爭敘事，本文歸納出《左傳》人物形象塑造之法，分別是「以對話展現人物之身分立場與推動情節發展」、「以細節描摹展現人物之行為舉止與內心波動」以及「以時間先後之歷程展現人物之可塑性」，透過這些人物形象塑造之法，秦穆公與其他人物顯現出多變的姿態與樣貌，人物之骨架充滿其血肉與精神，向讀者彰顯蓬勃自然的生命力，使歷史記載、故事貼近真實而具有說服力。
並列摘要
Duke Mu of Qin was filled with ambition to govern the central plain in his lifetime. He assisted Chonger who was the prince of Jin in returning to the throne. Then Chonger defeated Chu army in the Battle of Cheng Pu to become an overlord. Although Duke Mu of Qin launched wars with Jin, Jin became stronger. He expanded westward and dominated Xi-Ron instead of extending the east territory. Perhaps, he regretted that he failed to govern the central plain. Image-shaping of the characters depend on narratives in Tso-chuan that necessarily involve chunqiu style, historian writing-technique and language. Because some scholars have written the special articles to discuss it, this article focuses on how to shape the image of Duke Mu of Qin. Tso-chuan is not only good at image-shaping of the characters by a single event, dialogues, and responses to highlight thoughts as well as attitudes, but also good at battle narratives. There are many descriptions of Duke Mu that refer to those battles between Qin and Jin. This article tries to shape the image of Duke Mu of Qin by details and dialogues of special incidents, diplomatic language, and the battle narratives in Tso-chuan.