- 期刊
清末民初马来亚大山脚市镇潮州人与“惠－潮乡亲共同体”的历史演变
Historical Changes of the Bukit Mertajam's Teochews and "Fui Chiu-Teochew Communities' Commonwealth" in the Mid 19^(th) to Early 20^(th) Century
摘要
在马来亚半岛内陆，大山脚作为惠州人为主体而建设的市镇，最初是依靠邻近海域惠州人或潮州人为主村镇互动与互保，形成以“义兴公司”结盟的跨海跨境区域乡亲共同体，在地方上成立了“大伯公尝”的主要组织，长期以“惠－潮乡亲共同体”为主体而结合少数其他籍贯华人，支持了大山脚华人从自身信仰文化出发的养生送死到办学育材等社会建构。其独特之处，又在于大山脚本属英殖槟榔屿领土，当地华人开荒拓土直至19世纪犹在暹罗属吉打王国管辖下的邻近居林镇，借助着双边政策差异经营其经济，建构出一处覆盖在两处不同行政区域的华人社会特殊面貌，也导致两地出现广惠肇人与潮人的共同组织，而最初是先出现于居林的。1920年代，大山脚成为贯通新加坡与泰国的铁道集散中枢，原来惠潮共同体随着双方新兴人口各自转向不同的新开发区和行业，其市镇也逐渐演变为“小普宁”。而当地也必须因应变化，出现地方性质乡团，原来名为“大伯公尝”的“大山脚福德正神会”继续成为代表性组织。现在的华团面貌，足以佐证这是南洋华人开发城市的其中一种动态演变模例。
並列摘要
Bukit Mertajam as a town which developed by the mainly Fui Chiu (Huizhou) community, was originally relying on and mutual protected by the Fui Chiu-Teochew (Chaozhou) communities' alliance from the neighboring coastal, whom formed the trans-coastal and cross-border regional fellow commonwealth of the Chinese settlements led by "Ghee-Hin Kongsi", and set up the "Dai Pak Kong Shong"(尝, traditional societal investment foundation for collective benefits) as leading authority which was long-time dominated by the alliance of Fui Chiu-Teochew dialect groups with the support from small number of other ethnic groups Chinese, constructed social structure and settlement pattern of the Bukit Mertajam Chinese society based on their own beliefs, taking care of everything concerning from life to death, especially established and managed local Chinese collective properties and educational matters. In particularly, Bukit Mertajam was under the Penang territory of British colony, while the development of Chinese were being extended to the neighboring Kulim town, which dominated by the Kedah Sultanate under Siamese control. Depending on economic activities among bilateral policies, the local Chinese were soon appeared as a society consisting by two different administrations, led to the collegial organization between the Kwong Waai Siew (Guangzhou-Huizhou-Zhaoqing groups) and the Teochew communities, was first appeared in Kulim. During the 1920s, Bukit Mertajam became a railway hub connecting both Singapore and Thailand, while Fui Chiu-Teochew communities continuingly moved out to new development regions and involved in different economic sectors, the town has soon gradually evolved into "Little Poh Leng (Puning)" with the increasing of Teochew population, mainly origin from Puning District. Due to the response of changes, "Dai Pak Kong Shong" appears to be a representative focal center for the united Chinese dialect groups needed to adjust some of its social roles and functions in order to tolerate with the British Colony. It renamed as "Hock Teik Cheng Sin Temple" which is trusted by representatives of all local Chinese dialect organizations and serves as the local center of belief which is also the collective institution for local Chinese welfare and education. According to the past and current appearance of the township, communities alliance and their organizations, we are about to verify Bukit Mertajam as a case study example of dynamic changes of the South Sea's Chinese mainly developed cities and towns.