- 期刊
国家认同的虚与实：以“全马华团争取公民权大会”为例
Virtual and Reality of National Identity: A Preliminary Study of the Federation of Malaya National Congress of Registered Chinese Societies and Associations in the Federation of Malaya for Citizenship
摘要
1950年代的马来亚正处于紧急状态的关键时期，1948年发起武装斗争的马来亚共产党（马共），面对有关当局严厉的剿共行动下，于1950年代逐渐北移至马泰边区建立其根据地。马共的式微以及国际冷战局势的改变，促成了1955年华玲和谈的举行，同时也加速了马来亚独立的进程。面对国内外局势的变化，马来亚华人社会在国家认同和公民权争取上也出现了明显的转变。1956年4月，在林连玉的穿针引线下，马来亚华人社团举办了“全马华团争取公民权大会”，获得454个华团支持并派出约一千余名代表出席。“全马华团争取公民权大会”通过了《争取公民权宣言》和四大议案，要求即将取得独立的马来亚政府同意：（一）当地出生即为当然公民；（二）在本邦居留五年者，得申请成为公民，免受语言考试；（三）凡公民权利与义务一律平等；和（四）列巫、华、印为官方语文；作为华社成为马来亚公民的主要诉求。本文以“全马华团争取公民权大会”为例，论述了建国前后马来西亚华人本土意识的发展和对国家认同的转变。随着马来西亚族群政治的发展，作为已经获得公民权的华人，却一度被质疑其爱国的真实性，以致马来西亚华人被迫在真实情感与虚幻的公民权之间挣扎求存。
並列摘要
Malaya was in a critical period of state of emergency during 1950s. The Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) launched the armed struggle in 1948, but gradually retreated to the northern part of Peninsular Malaya in the early 1950s after facing severe military crackdown by the British colonial authorities. CPM finally established its base in southern Thailand, near the Malaysia-Thailand border. The weakened influence of CPM and the changing situation of the international cold war led to the holding of "The Baling Peace Talks" in 1955. These have accelerated the independence process of Malaya. The internal and external changes also marked a significant change for the Chinese in Malaya in the struggle for their national identity and citizenship. In April 1956, Lim Lian Geok took the initiative to convene the National Congress of Registered Chinese Societies and Associations of the Federation of Malaya for Citizenship. The National Congress received support from 454 Chinese Societies and was attended by more than 1,000 delegates. The congress passed the "Declaration for the Demand of Citizenship" and 4 resolutions as the main demands of Chinese to the government of Malaya which was about to gain independence: (1) All men and women born in the Federation shall automatically become citizens; (2) Non-citizens residing in the Federation for more than 5 years may apply for citizenship without having to undergo any language test; (3) All citizens of the Federation shall have equal rights and obligations; (4) Malay, Chinese and Tamil shall be official languages. With a case study of the National Congress of Registered Chinese Societies and Associations of the Federation of Malaya for Citizenship, this paper discusses the development of the local consciousness of Malaysian Chinese and the changing of their national identity before and after independence. Due to the development of ethnic politics in Malaysia, patriotism towards the nation of Malaysian Chinese who has acquired Malaysian citizenship has been questioned. It makes the Malaysian Chinese always struggle between the real feeling of loyalty to the nation and their seemingly virtual citizenship.