- 期刊
- OpenAccess
綜論報告：新月毒素對家禽之毒性及其解毒方法探討
Review: Toxicological effects and decontamination strategies of the mycotoxin trichothecenes in poultry
摘要
新月毒素（trichothecenes）為一群具有12,13-環氧基（12, 13- epoxy group）的高毒性黴菌毒素（mycotoxin），廣泛存在於世界各地穀物與由受污染穀物生產之飼料中，並透過食物鏈構成了食品安全風險。新月毒素依照其側鏈化學結構之差異分為四類，本綜論著重於飼料與原料污染最嚴重之兩種新月毒素，A型新月毒素之T-2毒素（T-2 toxin, T-2）與B型新月毒素之嘔吐毒素（deoxynivalenol, DON）對家禽毒性與其解毒方法之最新研究進行綜合討論。T-2毒素之毒性主要是刺激細胞壞死（necrosis），而嘔吐毒素則是促使細胞凋亡（apoptosis）。家禽對T-2毒素與嘔吐毒素之耐受性亦有所不同。家禽飼糧含T-2毒素含量超過0.6mg/kg，就會導致生長性能下降、產蛋性能低落、羽毛異常、口腔損傷與軟殼蛋，嘔吐毒素含量需達5mg/kg才會對家禽之生長性能產生顯著影響。降低飼料中新月毒素含量之最好方法是於穀物生長期間防止新月毒素形成，但此方式仍不足現場需求，因此需配合其他策略來降低新月毒素汙染。綜合討論物理解毒（physical detoxification）、化學解毒（chemical detoxification）、生物降解（biological degradation）與抗氧化劑（antioxidant）之最新研究，期望發現可降低飼料與原料中新月毒素對家禽影響之最佳方法。綜合已發表之研究結果，生物降解似乎是控制新月毒素之最適合方法，但其利用性仍需考慮家禽消化道環境與酵素活性之間的關係。
並列摘要
Trichothecenes are a group of highly toxic mycotoxins with 12, 13-epoxy, which are found worldwide in cereal grains and feeds produced from contaminated grains, and have become food safety risks through the food chain. Trichothecenes are categorized into four types based on their chemical structures of the side chains. Differences in the side chain structures also cause various toxicities. This study focused on the latest research on poultry toxicity and detoxification methods of type A trichothecenes (T-2 toxin, T-2) and type B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, DON), which are two most abundant and important trichothecenes in feed ingredients and feeds. T-2 activates cell necrosis very effectively, whereas, DON is more effective in inducing cell apoptosis. The tolerances of poultry are different in T-2 and DON. Poultry fed the diet contained over 0.6 mg T-2/kg would have poor growth performances, abnormal feathers, oral lesions, and soft-shell egg, however, the diet which contained 5 mg DON/kg would significantly affect the growth performance in poultry. The best way to reduce trichothecenes content in the feed is the prevention of trichothecenes formation in the field. However, this strategy is usually not practical; so other detoxification methods are needed. We evaluated physical, chemical, biological degradation and antioxidants to find out the best approaches to control the hazards of trichothecenes in poultry. According to the published results to date, biological degradation appears to be the most suitable approach to detoxify trichothecenes due to its high specificity on targeting toxins and low effects on micronutrient absorption. However, the choice of biological degradation approaches relies on its effectiveness and the interaction between the enzyme activity and the environment of the gastrointestinal tracts in poultry.