- 期刊
- OpenAccess
《超性學要》與《形神實義》的「天神」與「靈魂」非同類之論－明清傳教士的靈魂論譯述
Comparative Analysis of Ming and Qing Missionaries "Theory of soul": Examining the Distinctions between Angel and Soul in "Chaoxingxueyao" and "Xing Shen Shi Yi"
摘要
聖多瑪斯．阿奎那（St. Thomas Aquinas，1225-1274）《神學大全》（Summa Theologica）「靈魂與天使是否同類」單元，針對天使靈性與人靈魂之別，提出兩者並非同類之論證說明。利類思（Lodovico Buglio, 1606-1682）《超性學要》與賴蒙篤（Raimundo del Valle, 1613-1683）《形神實義》為譯述《神學大全》部分內容之明清傳教文本，兩書的「靈魂於天神同類否」和「論靈魂非與天神同類」單元，即為《神學大全》「靈魂與天使是否同類」之對應，除了文體及編撰之別，尚有譯述要點與思想特徵之異，足以作為教義宣揚及譯薦取捨之觀察。本文以明清時期入華傳教士薦譯作品的比較，兼及今日中文版《神學大全》之參考與對應，探知明清傳教士對於阿奎那學說的譯薦述作情形。基於中國人可以理解與認同的傳教需求，明清傳教士將天使與鬼神等同，以「天神」稱說天使。《超性學要》遵循西方哲理之邏輯推衍，論述人與「天神」並不同類之理，既忠於阿奎那學理之原貌，又兼及中國士人慣用的撰述體例。《形神實義》則另闢蹊徑，不引經據典，不採哲理敘述，簡明直接地介紹「天神」與靈魂之別，以為阿奎那思想之宣揚。透過兩書的表格比對，分析當世入華的靈魂論之譯述內容，呈顯教士們的宣教手法，進而反映當世傳教策略，以及其間的文化融通現象。
並列摘要
The unit titled "Whether Souls and Angels of the Same Kind" in St. Thomas Aquinas' "Summa Theologica" (1225-1274) argues that angels and human souls differ in nature. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, missionaries Lodovico Buglio (1606-1682) and Raimundo del Vane (1613-1683) translated parts of the "Summa Theologica" in their works "Chaoxingxueyao" and "Xing Shen Shi Yi," respectively. These works feature units titled "Is the soul of the same kind as the Angel" and "On whether the soul is of the same kind as the Angel," which correspond to Aquinas' unit on souls and angels. Differences in style, compilation, translation, and thought characteristics exist between these works and the original "Summa Theologica," making them valuable for doctrine preaching and translation recommendations. This paper compares the works recommended by Ming and Qing missionaries with the present Chinese edition of the Compendium of Theology, exploring the translation and recommendation of Aquinas' doctrine. In their efforts to ensure Chinese understanding and agreement, missionaries of the Ming and Qing dynasties equated angels with ghosts and gods, emphasizing the divine nature of angels through the term Summa Theologica " follows the logical derivation of Western philosophy to discuss the distinction between humans and angels. Conversely, "Xing Shen Shi Yi" takes a different approach, providing a simple and direct introduction to the differences between angels and souls, promoting Aquinas' Theory. This paper compares the translations using tables and examines the issue of the interaction between Man and Angel in the contemporary world, presenting the missionary methods employed and observing the portrayal of angels in the teachings on the soul. Ultimately, it reflects on the phenomenon of missionary work and cultural integration.