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從「知其不可奈何而安之若命」論莊子「命」的悲劇美感
From "Knowing that you can't do anything about it, and take it as fate and feel at ease" to discuss Zhuangzi's tragic beauty of fate
摘要
任何人皆有獨特的權利來決定自己有關命運的問題，到底人應向冥冥之中的主宰拱手讓出命運，或是清楚地以自己作為主宰，緊握個人的命運，這是一個難解的課題。莊子曾言：「知其不可奈何而安之若命，德之至也。」（〈人間世〉）他又曰：「知其不可奈何而安之若命，唯有德者能之。」（〈德充符〉）對於如何看待命運，他提出了一個可供參考的方案或態度，而且也廣泛地被認同。若順應莊子所言，則可能會把人對命運本有的憤慨、悲怨的情緒暫時消解了，從而獲致一定的慰藉，但人始終處在命運的牢籠中，仍有多重的人生糾結有待解決，況且大多數人只看前一句，而不看後一句，因而產生曲解，反使人陷入更多重的糾結中。實則，人若只看「知其不可奈何而安之若命」，就是「有德者」或「德之至」，那麼，人人皆可成為「有德者」或達到「德之至」，可是，人若兼而思及「其可奈者」是否仍「安之若命」的問題，則應可進一步了然莊子所言的真實意涵。本論文即在明晰地指出「可奈何」與「不可奈何」的區別，並強調莊子所講的「命」，重點不在於人「不可奈何」的無力感，而在於它可以成為生命的悲劇美感。
並列摘要
Everyone has a unique right to decide their own destiny. It is a difficult question to determine whether a person should surrender their fate to the master of the underworld, or clearly use themselves as the master and tightly grasp their own destiny. Zhuangzi said, "It is the highest virtue to know that you can't do anything about it, and take it as fate and feel at ease." ("Man in the World") He also said, "Knowing that you can't do anything about it, and take it as fate and feel at ease only a person of virtue can do so." ("The Seal of Virtue Complete") He put forward a scheme or attitude on how to look at fate, and it is widely recognized. If we follow Zhuangzi's words, it may temporarily dispel people's inherent anger and sadness towards fate, and thus find some comfort. However, people are always trapped in the cage of fate, and there are still multiple life entanglements to be resolved. Moreover, most people only look at the first sentence and do not look at the second sentence, resulting in misinterpretation and causing people to fall into more serious entanglements. In fact, if a person only looks at "knowing that you can't do anything about it, and take it as fate and feel at ease", that is a "virtuous person" or "the highest virtue", then everyone can become a "virtuous person" or reach the "the highest virtue". However, if a person considers both the question of whether "those who can do something about it" is still "take it as fate and feel at ease", he should be able to further understand the true meaning of Zhuangzi's words. This paper clearly points out the difference between "can do something about it 'and' can't do anything about it", and emphasizes Zhuangzi's concept of "fate". The focus is not on the sense of powerlessness that humans feel when they "can't do anything about it", but rather about the tragic beauty of life that it can become.