- 學位論文
臺北都會區PM2.5中多環芳香碳氫化合物： 來源解析與健康風險評估
PM2.5-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Taipei urban area: Source apportionment and Health Risk Assessment
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摘要
多環芳香碳氫化合物（PAHs）除了以氣態形式存在於大氣中，PAHs亦存在於細懸浮微粒（PM2.5）中，過去研究指出PAHs對空氣、水、土壤具有顯著毒性及危害，且人體暴露於PAHs亦會構成癌症、肺部疾病等健康風險。儘管已知PM2.5 、PAHs 相關的健康風險，但仍缺乏針對特定來源排放之PAHs所引起的人體健康影響研究仍未完善。本研究在2021年冷季（1至2月）及熱季（6至8月）於臺北都會區的鄰近交通點進行PM2.5採樣，使用氣相層析串聯質譜儀分析PM2.5中16種PAHs，並以正矩陣因子法與診斷比分析其來源。此外，利用潛在來源貢獻因子和濃度權重軌跡分析排放源的可能來源之地理位置及濃度趨勢。本研究結果顯示，PAHs的總濃度範圍為介於0.08 至 2.37 ng/m3，平均值為 0.69 ± 0.53 ng/m3。冷季與熱季的PAHs平均質量濃度分別為0.96 ± 0.69 ng/m3及0.43 ± 0.17 ng/m3。車輛排放為PAHs的主要來源，佔總PAHs質量濃度的39.8%，其次是工業排放（37.6%）、生物質燃燒（13.8%）和石油/油類揮發（8.8%），且工業排放在冷季（49.8%）的貢獻相較於熱季（28.8%）有顯著上升。另外，中國東北地區的工業活動以及南海、黃海和東海的船隻航運也可能使臺北地區PAHs質量濃度提升。使用增量終生癌症風險來評估人體健康風險的結果顯示，PAHs的增量終生癌症風險呈現以下趨勢:成人>孩童>年長者>青少年；針對特定來源的終生肺部癌症風險的評估結果顯示，車輛排放在所有來源中構成最高風險（占總風險的48.92%）。此研究凸顯了實施有效減量措施以減少大都市區域車輛尾氣排放的重要性，且強調必須準確分析與鑑定PAHs的來源，以便能更準確分析各個來源對人類健康之影響，從而對未來的減量策略提供更直接的幫助。
並列摘要
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are characterized by their high toxicity, were observed in fine particulate matter (PM2.5). These PAHs posed substantial risks to atmosphere, water, soil, and could cause cancer, lung diseases if expose to human body. Despite the known health risks associated with PM2.5-bound PAHs, there was still a lack of comprehensive studies investigating the sources of these pollutants and their corresponding impacts on human health. In this study conducted in the Taipei urban area, the focus was on the analysis of PM2.5-bound PAHs and their associated human health risks. The sampling period covered January to February 2021 and June to August 2021. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer was used to analyze the presence of sixteen PAHs in the PM2.5 samples. Positive matrix factorization modeling and diagnostic ratios were employed to identify the sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs. Additionally, potential source contribution function and concentration-weighted trajectory analyses were conducted to investigate the origins of these sources. The findings revealed that the overall concentrations of total PAHs (TPAH) ranged from 0.08 to 2.37 ng/m3, with an average value of 0.69 ± 0.53 ng/m3. The TPAH concentration in cold and warm period were 0.96 ± 0.69 ng/m3 and 0.43 ± 0.17 ng/m3. Vehicular emission was identified as the primary contributor to PM2.5-bound PAHs, accounting for 39.8% of the total PAHs concentration, followed by industrial emission (37.6%), biomass burning (13.8%), and petroleum/oil volatilization (8.8%). The contribution of industrial emission in cold period (49.8%) was significantly higher than that in warm period (28.8%)(p<0.05). It was observed that industrial activities in northeast China and shipping processes in the South China Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea also contributed to the presence of PAHs in the study area. The assessments of incremental lifetime cancer risk have indicated that adults had the highest risk, followed by children, seniors and adolescents. The assessments of the lifetime lung cancer risk indicated that vehicular emissions posed the highest risk among the identified sources (48.92%). This highlights the importance of implementing effective control measures to mitigate vehicle exhaust emissions in the metropolitan area. The study underscores the need for accurately identifying the sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs to better understand their associated human health risks, thereby informing future mitigation strategies.
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