摘要
都市綠化近年來在全球都市規劃研究中佔有著相當重要的地位，都市的綠色地帶成為了都市為居民提供效益的自然與半自然區域，在過去的三十年裡，伴隨著探討都市中綠地與綠化在功能、氣候與健康上有益處的新興文獻，人們也越來越意識到都市綠化可以產生的經濟效益。當規劃完善的綠地出現在於歷史上被邊緣化的區域時，對綠地及周遭基礎設施的投資可能會導致地區的租金和房屋價值的增加，這往往會讓原本即居住於此的低收入居民被取代；同時也由於人們對更宜居都市地區的需求，使得綠色縉紳化（Green Gentrification）構成了當今社會邊緣化都市社區面臨的主要環境正義問題之一。綠地的分配和獲取方面一直以來存在著種族與收入上的巨大的不均，即便都市綠化具有氣候、健康和社會經濟效益，但在許多情況下促成的綠色縉紳化，最終將破壞環境公平和社會正義。 為探討都市綠地對縉紳化的影響，本研究考量研究空間呈現之社會經濟特性，以臺北市最小行政單位里層級作為研究單元，研究單元為臺北市民政局截至民國112年4月底統計共456個里，研究時間設定以社會人口統計資料與綠地空間可取得之年份，為2008年至2022年。本研究回顧過往文獻，使用多個縉紳化指標進行分析，同時基於縉紳化是一個連續的長期演變過程，因此使用「空間追蹤資料模型（Spatial Panel Data Regression Model）」處理時間與空間自相關資料屬性。 研究結果證實，在亞洲城市，臺北市都市綠地引發縉紳化的現象確實發生。值得注意的是，作為在都市發展歷程與歐美國家不同的都市，臺北市在經歷都市化後，並沒有出現都市中心區域明顯衰退的現象，但依然出現綠地對縉紳的影響。過去在綠色縉紳化的實證研究中有一部分文獻強調了可及性對縉紳化的影響，但在本研究結果中，綠地的可及性僅在一項縉紳化指標中呈現顯著影響，顯示都市尺度的不同造成綠地特徵的影響也不同。不同的綠地特徵在不同的縉紳化指標中呈現具有差異的結果，綠地數量與綠地覆蓋比率在較多的縉紳化指標中具有顯著影響性，顯示除了規劃的綠地之外，地區中仍然有許多綠色空間會造就縉紳化的發生，此結果也符合近年來綠色空間呈現多樣化的趨勢。此外研究證實了部分縉紳化指標在空間上的相依性，顯示不同群體對於綠地及綠化空間的偏好，以及綠地帶來開發上的利益會使得縉紳化具有空間上的外溢效果，擁有綠地的地區會對周遭地區正向影響，造成空間群聚的現象。 本研究在學術上補足了過往文獻較為忽略的部分，並提供過往文獻未提供之分析結果。整體而言都市綠地對縉紳化有正向影響，並且在空間上呈現相依性，而透過對臺北市的綠化發展政策之爬梳，顯示臺北市與過往研究的歐美都市案例，人口結構及發展脈絡不同，因此在整體綠化對縉紳化的影響上呈現與研究原始預期不同的結果。在實務上，公部門應認知這些綠色空間的建置將帶來周遭地區的縉紳化，並將此影響納入之後規劃與預算分配的考量之中。本研究證實，規劃綠地的數量與距離對人口遷移比例呈現正向影響，故本研究提出在綠地開發和政策制定過程中，應與原有社區居民協商，確保政策能夠滿足社區內部不同群體的需求，同時進行相關政策的配套措施。另外規劃綠地的面積也與家戶收入中位數、住宅交易價格呈現正向影響，故擴大租金補貼、增加社會住宅，可以減少低收入家庭被迫遷出的狀況發生。同時獎勵周邊的經濟活動運用原有社區勞工，增加工作機會，也能提升原有社區居民的收入。終極目標應是使得人們可以從最初資源的接受者變成資源的給予者，成就具有公平性及包容性的都市空間。
並列摘要
In recent years, urban greening has held a significant position in global urban planning research. Urban green spaces have become natural and semi-natural areas that provide benefits to city residents. Over the past thirty years, along with emerging literature discussing the functional, climatic, and health benefits of urban green spaces, there has been a growing awareness of the economic benefits that urban greening can generate. When well-planned green spaces appear in historically marginalized areas, investments in green spaces and surrounding infrastructure may lead to increases in property rents and values, often resulting in the displacement of low-income residents who originally lived there. This has made green gentrification one of the primary environmental justice issues faced by marginalized urban communities today. There has long been significant racial and income inequality in the distribution and access to green spaces. Although urban greening offers climatic, health, and socio-economic benefits, the green gentrification it often fosters ultimately undermines environmental fairness and social justice. To explore the impact of urban green spaces on gentrification, this study considered the socio-economic characteristics presented in study area, using the smallest administrative unit in Taipei City, the "Li" level, as the research unit. According to statistics from the Taipei City Civil Affairs Bureau as of the end of April 2023, there were 456 Lis. The study period was set from 2008 to 2022, using available socio-demographic data and green space information. This study revieweds the past literature and used multiple gentrification indicators for analysis. Given that gentrification is a continuous long-term process, the "Spatial Panel Data Regression Model" was used to handle the temporal and spatial autocorrelation among the study observations. The results confirm that in Asian cities, urban green spaces in Taipei City indeed trigger gentrification. Notably, unlike Western cities, Taipei City, after urbanization, did not experience significant decline in central urban areas, yet the influence of green spaces on gentrification is still evident. Some empirical studies on green gentrification emphasize the impact of accessibility on gentrification. However, in this study, accessibility to green spaces only shows significant influence on only one gentrification indicator, indicating that the impact of green space characteristics varies with urban scales. Different green space characteristics present varying results across different gentrification indicators. The number of green spaces and green coverage ratio reveal positive influences on gentrification indicators, suggesting that besides planned green spaces, numerous green spaces in the area also contribute to gentrification. This result aligns with the recent trend of diverse presentations of green spaces. Furthermore, the study confirms the spatial autocorrelation of certain gentrification indicators, showing that different groups' preferences for green spaces and the development benefits brought by green spaces cause gentrification to have spatial spillover effects. Areas with green spaces positively influence surrounding areas, leading to spatial clustering phenomena. This study academically supplements the parts overlooked by past literature and provides analytical results not offered in previous studies. Overall, urban green spaces positively influence gentrification and exhibit spatial autocorrelation. By examining the green development policies of Taipei City, it is evident that the population structure and development context differ from those of Western cities, resulting in outcomes that differ from the initial research expectations regarding the overall impact of greening on gentrification. Practically, public sectors should recognize that the establishment of these green spaces will lead to gentrification in surrounding areas and consider this impact in future planning and budget allocation. This study confirms that the quantity and proximity of planned green spaces positively affect population migration rates. Therefore, it is recommended that during green space development and policy-making processes, negotiations with existing community residents should be conducted to ensure that policies meet the needs of different groups within the community, along with supporting measures for relevant policies. Additionally, the planned green space area positively impacts median household income and residential transaction prices. Hence, expanding rent subsidies and increasing social housing can reduce the forced displacement of low-income families. Moreover, incentivizing surrounding economic activities to employ local community labor and increasing job opportunities can also enhance the income of existing community residents. The ultimate goal should be to enable people to transition from initial resource recipients to resource providers, achieving equitable and inclusive urban spaces.
參考文獻
英文文獻
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Anguelovski I (2016) From toxic sites to parks as (green) LULUs? New challenges of inequity, privilege, gentrification, and exclusion for urban environmental justice. Journal of Planning Literature 31: 23–36.
Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J. J., Cole, H., Garcia-Lamarca, M., Triguero-Mas, M., Baró, F., Martin, N., Conesa, D., Shokry, G., Pérez del, P. C., Ramos, L. A., Matheney, A., Gallez, E., Oscilowicz, E., Máñez, J. L., Sarzo, B., Beltrán, M. A.,& Minaya, J. M. (2022). Green gentrification in European and North American cities. Nature Communications, 13(1), 1-13.