不同因子對擁擠感知與可接受度的影響

在戶外遊憩相關領域中，擁擠感知 (crowding) 通常被定義為個體對環境中人類密度的主觀評估和反應，這種感知不僅涉及物理空間的擁擠程度，還包括個人的心理感受和行為反應。然而，戶外遊憩研究中對擁擠的定義往往包括了可接受度 (acceptability) 的概念，使得兩者之間難以明確區分。可接受度反映了遊客對特定人數和擁擠程度的容忍度和滿意度，表示遊客是否願意接受或容忍某種程度的人數狀況。環境心理學的研究則強調，擁擠感知主要取決於個人空間是否受到侵入。擁擠感知和可接受度這兩個概念之間的界線模糊，為了更清楚地區分這兩者，本研究使用沉浸式虛擬實境 (IVR) 技術，模擬不同地點、距離和動靜態情境，研究上述因子對擁擠感知及可接受度的影響。研究設計包含四個實驗，分別探討地點情境、人物距離、評估方式及人物動靜態變化對擁擠感知和可接受度的影響。實驗一探討不同地點情境對擁擠感知及可接受度的影響；實驗二研究人物距離如何影響擁擠感知及可接受度；實驗三分析想像動態評估方式下地點情境和人數對擁擠感知和可接受度的影響；實驗四探討不同地點情境下人物動靜態變化對擁擠感知及可接受度的影響。結果顯示，人數顯著影響擁擠感知及可接受度；地點情境會顯著影響可接受度而不會影響擁擠感知；人物距離影響擁擠感知及可接受度，但人數與距離的交互作用只會影響擁擠感知；想像周邊人物動態方式對擁擠感知及可接受度的影響與靜態評估方式沒有差異，可能並非適合的研究動靜態環境狀況的方法；但周邊人物的動靜態對擁擠感知有顯著影響，但同樣不會影響可接受度。擁擠感知及可接受度分別受到多種因素的影響，研究結果可補充有關於不同地點情境、人物距離、評估方式及人物動靜態變化對於擁擠感知及可接受度影響的相關機制，提供環境心理學和戶外遊憩相關管理之參考。

關鍵字

擁擠感知；可接受度；地點情境；人物距離；人物動靜態變化

並列摘要

In the field of outdoor recreation, crowding is often defined as an individual's subjective assessment of and reaction to the human density in the environment. This definition not only involves the degree of crowding in the physical space but also includes the individual's psychological feelings and behavioral responses. However, the definition of crowding in outdoor recreation research often includes the concept of acceptability, making it difficult to clearly distinguish between the two. Acceptability reflects visitors' tolerance and satisfaction with a particular number of people and level of crowding, representing whether visitors are willing to accept or tolerate a certain level of crowding. Research in environmental psychology emphasizes that crowding is mainly dependent on whether there is intrusion into one's personal space and is less likely to be affected by environmental contexts and dynamic changes. However, the factors affecting crowding and acceptability, and whether crowding and acceptability can be clearly differentiated, have not yet been described and confirmed by research. This study uses immersive virtual reality (IVR) to investigate the effects of location, distance, and dynamics on crowding and acceptability, addressing gaps in previous research. The design of the study included four experiments, which investigated the effects of location, distance, assessment method, and changes in character dynamics on crowding and acceptability. Experiment 1 investigates the effects of different location contexts on crowding and acceptability. Experiment 2 examines how the distance between characters affects crowding and acceptability. Experiment 3 analyzes the effects of context and number of people on crowding and acceptability using the imaginative dynamic assessment method. Experiment 4 investigates the effects of dynamic and static changes in characters on crowding and acceptability under different location contexts. The results showed that the number of people significantly affects both crowding and acceptability; location context significantly affects acceptability but not crowding; the distance between people affects both crowding and acceptability, but the interaction between number and distance only affects crowding. The effects of the imagined dynamic approach on crowding and acceptability were not different from those of the static assessment approach, suggesting that it may not be a suitable method for studying static and dynamic environmental conditions. Static and dynamic conditions had a significant effect on crowding, but not on acceptability. Crowding and acceptability are affected by a variety of factors, and the results of this study can enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of different location contexts, character distances, assessment methods, and changes in character dynamics on crowding and acceptability. These findings can provide valuable references for environmental psychology and outdoor recreation management.