面向低碳未來的碳捕捉、利用及封存(CCUS)技術: 專利分析見解

碳捕捉、利用與封存（CCUS）在減少二氧化碳（CO₂）這一主要導致全球變暖和氣候變遷的溫室氣體的排放方面發揮著關鍵作用。石油和天然氣產業作為溫室氣體的重要排放者，對於CCUS技術的部署至關重要。然而，目前缺乏將產業層面與國家層級策略相連結的全面分析。本研究首先從全球背景下考察氣候倡議，提供CCUS技術採用和影響的廣泛視角，以彌補這一差距。隨後，分析聚焦於全球前五大石油和天然氣公司所採取的氣候倡議，特別強調他們在CCUS方面的推進。從1990年到2023年，全球共記錄了14,299件與CCUS技術相關的專利。其中，目前有效的專利有7,792件，佔總數的近55%。相較之下，有5,708件專利處於無效狀態，約佔總數的40%。分析顯示，中國以6,662件專利領先，美國以2,106件專利緊隨其後，日本則以1,436件專利排名第三。值得注意的是，中國在2023年佔全球CCUS專利的70%以上，成為重要的貢獻者。這一顯著貢獻凸顯了中國將CCUS技術作為其氣候政策和產業戰略的重要部分。在能源產業範圍內，對五家主要石油公司2000年至2022年的98,730件專利進行分析，結果顯示他們共註冊了871件CCUS相關專利。其中，埃克森美孚(ExxonMobil)以359件專利位居首位，殼牌(Shell)以228件專利位居第二；然而，殼牌有70%的專利處於無效狀態。對這些公司的CCUS計劃的分析也表明，所有五家公司都已策略性地將CCUS融入其業務運營中。他們與第三方排放者建立了合作關係，既作為合作夥伴也作為客戶，並實施了各種減少碳足跡的措施。這些推進涵蓋了一系列CCUS計劃，包括早期研究和開發、大規模試點計劃及商業運營，展示了通過CCUS技術減少碳排放的綜合方法。另外，值得注意的是，全球主要國家及五家石油公司的主要技術領域為Y02C-0020/40，涉及二氧化碳作為溫室氣體的捕獲和處置。在CCUS技術排名前20的國家中，有16個國家對此技術最為關注，顯示出其在該領域的重要性。這一技術重點反映了主要參與者在開發有效二氧化碳捕集和處理方法方面的共同優先事項，這是強有力的CCUS策略的重要組成部分。此外，研究結果顯示，2005年《京都議定書》和2015年《巴黎協定》的通過對全球石油公司和國家都產生了影響，但對石油公司的影響不如全球範圍內的影響顯著。值得注意的是，在全球範圍內，《巴黎協定》簽署後，專利件數的成長趨勢顯著加快，儘管面臨COVID-19疫情的挑戰，專利件數仍從2020年的906件急劇增致2023年的2,716件。這一巨大增長表明 CCUS 技術在全球氣候戰略中的緊迫性與必要性。儘管疫情期間經濟受到干擾，但並未阻礙專利活動的加速，這顯示出推進CCUS技術的承諾堅定且具彈性。這些發現預計將幫助企業從研究中獲得見解，以識別各行業中的潛在合作者或競爭對手，從而適應正在進行的轉型並根據氣候穩定要求評估其行動。政策制定者則可以利用這項研究作為資源，為其國家制定明確的指導方針，協助順利過渡到低碳未來。了解 CCUS 創新的動態使利害關係人能夠有效地將其策略和投資與全球氣候目標結合。這種協調確保他們的努力對減緩氣候變遷和推動永續發展做出決定性貢獻。

關鍵字

CCUS技術；二氧化碳（CO?）排放；全球暖化；專利分析；文本探勘；全球趨勢；石油和天然氣產業

並列摘要

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is crucial in mitigating carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, a primary greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and climate change. The oil and gas industries, as significant emitters of greenhouse gases, are essential to the deployment of CCUS technologies. However, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis linking industry-level efforts to national-level strategies in combating this issue. This study addresses this gap by first examining climate initiatives in a global context, offering a comprehensive view of the adoption and impact of CCUS technologies worldwide. Subsequently, the analysis focuses on climate initiatives implemented by five major oil and gas corporations, specifically highlighting their efforts in CCUS. At the global level, a total of 14,299 patent publications related to CCUS technologies from 1990 to 2023 were recorded. Of these, 7,792 patents are currently active, representing nearly 55% of the total. In contrast, 5,708 patents are inactive, accounting for approximately 40% of the total. The analysis also shows that China leads with 6,662 patents, followed by the United States with 2,106 patents, and Japan in third place with 1,436 patents. Notably, China stands out as a significant contributor, accounting for more than 70% of global CCUS patents in 2023. This substantial contribution from China highlights its strategic focus on CCUS technologies as part of its broader climate policy and industrial strategy. Analyzing 98,730 patents of the five leading oil firms from 2000 to 2022, the analysis reveals that a total of 871 patents are related to CCUS. ExxonMobil holds the highest number with 359 patents, while the second position is Shell with 228; however, 70% of Shell’s patents are inactive. The examination of the CCUS projects of these companies also reveals that all five have strategically incorporated CCUS into their business practices. They have established collaborations with third-party emitters, serving both as partners and clients, and have launched multiple initiatives aimed at reducing their carbon footprint. These efforts include a wide range of CCUS initiatives, including early-stage research and development, large-scale pilot projects, and commercial operations, demonstrating a comprehensive approach to lowering carbon emissions through CCUS technologies. It is also worth noting that the primary technical field of the leading countries globally as well as the five oil companies is Y02C-0020/40, which deals with the capture and disposal of CO₂ as greenhouse gases. Sixteen out of the top 20 countries in CCUS technology show their highest attention to this technology, underscoring its importance in the field. This technical focus reflects the shared priority among major players to develop effective methods for CO₂ capture and disposal, which are essential components of a robust CCUS strategy. Furthermore, the findings reveal that the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in 2005 and the Paris Agreement in 2015 have influenced both oil firms and nations globally, while the impact on oil companies is less significant than the worldwide effect. Notably, in the global context, after the Paris Agreement, the trend of patents accelerated substantially, with a sharp increase from 906 in 2020 to 2,716 in 2023, even amid the COVID-19 pandemic. This tremendous growth demonstrates the increasing urgency and necessity of CCUS technologies in global climate strategies. The pandemic period, despite its economic disruptions, did not hinder the acceleration of patent activities, indicating a robust and resilient commitment to advancing CCUS technologies. These findings are expected to help companies gain insights from this study to identify potential collaborators or competitors in their respective industries, thus adjusting to the ongoing transition and evaluating their actions in line with climate stabilization requirements. Policymakers can utilize this research as a resource to develop clear guidelines for the transition of their country to a low-carbon economy. Understanding the dynamics of CCUS innovation enables stakeholders to align their strategies and investments effectively with global climate goals. This alignment ensures that their efforts contribute decisively to mitigating climate change and advancing sustainable development.

並列關鍵字

CCUS technologies ； carbon dioxide (CO?) emissions ； global warming ； patent analysis ； text mining ； global trends ； oil and gas industry

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