剩餘財產分配請求權之分配範圍研究:以退休金為中心

剩餘財產分配請求權之制度目的為肯定家務勞動之貢獻、落實夫妻財產權之保障，並保障婚姻中經經濟弱勢之一方得以共享共同勞力之成果，其中又以「夫妻現存之婚後財產扣除因繼承或無償取得之財產與慰撫金」為大略之分配範圍。然實務適用法規，如佚脫文意之範圍，將如何劃分夫妻財產之範圍？在不影響法條文義之下，是否有其判斷標準？本文針對夫妻間的債務、財產增值、夫妻保證及勞動力減喪之損害賠償，以及老年安全制度下的各項保險與退休金分別臚列解析，以剩餘財產分配的意旨為依歸，探討夫妻間應如何分配上開財產，並在年金改革後所制定的離婚退休金分配下，實務上的進程為何，是否符合當初設立之期待，期冀研究成果作為未來修法之參考。首先，以剩餘財產分配請求權的立法沿革與目的出法，以確立劃分分配範圍之標準，觀察各項法未明文規定的婚後財產中，諸如「夫妻間債務」、「勞動力減喪之損害賠償」、「老人退休金」等議題，發現實務過度便宜解釋，恐未能妥適地分配夫妻財產，亦致分配標準趨於模糊。有鑑於台灣即將步入超高齡化社會，延續上開剩餘財產分配請求權的範圍，特別進一步探討老年安全制度的剩餘財產分配，蒐羅有關社會保險、退休金、國民年金等之實務裁判，發現：在社會保險及雇主責任下之退休金的部分，目前似有認「非無償取得」而得納入剩餘財產分配之一致見解，然對於「現存」財產之認定仍未統一，另有實務進一步將夫妻協力之程度納入是否分配之考量。至於國民年金是否為剩餘財產分配之標的，目前實務尚未有定論。最後，本文以民國106年的年金改革切入，評析目前離婚退休金分配制度之實務運作可能產生的困難，分別從體系、條文規範、事後衍生之問題與比較法上探討，並參酌日本法之相關規定，為上開問題提出相應的處理。基於上述觀察結論，本文建議將民法剩餘財產分配請求權與退休金分配制度有效的調和，並整合離婚退休金分配之規定，使法院不再困惑，可以更清楚並公正地分配夫妻財產，保障婚姻中經濟弱勢之一方的財產利益。

關鍵字

夫妻剩餘財產分配；老年經濟安全；社會保險；國民年金；年金改革；離婚退休金分配

並列摘要

The purpose of the right (claim) to distribution of marital property is an approval of labor of housework, to protect the property rights of the husband and wife, and to ensure that the side of economy-weakness in the marriage can resume sharing co-contribution to incorporate into the property.Among the stipulating the scope of claim for distribution of marital property The remainder of the property acquired by the husband or wife in marriage shall be equally distributed to the husband and the wife , except the property acquired from succession or as a gift or solatium.However, in practice, if it exceeds the scope of the text, how will the scope of husband and wife's property be distributd. Compliance with the legal clause, whether there are some criteria of courts for judging or not. This article aims at the debts and the guarantee between husband and wife, accession, compensation for personal injury and the social insurance, pension under the old-age security system. Based on the intention of the right to distribution of marital property, explore how the husband and wife should distribute the property. Under the divorce pension distribution established after the annuity reform, what is the practical progress and whether it meets the expectations of the original establishment. First of all, this article discusses the legislative evolution and purpose of the right to distribution of marital property, in order to determine the standard for the scope of distribution. Observing the property acquired in marriage not stipulated by the law, such as "marital debts" and "compensation for damages for labor reduction," and found that the practice is too cheap to explain, it may not be able to properly allocate the property of the husband and wife, and the distribution criteria have become blurred. Secondly, from the study, the part of social insurance and the occupational retirement, most of the implementation of the judgment seems to have a consensus view of “non- as a gift” that can be distributed. And yet there is still very little agreement on what property is “existing”. In addition, the practice further takes the degree of cooperation between husband and wife into consideration of distribution. As to national pension could be distributed? Until now, the jury is still out. Last but not least, starting from the 2017 annuity reform, this article reviews the difficulties that may arise from the practical operation of the t divorce pension distribution system. Discuss the system, regulations, and subsequent issues and comparative law respectively, and refer to the relevant provisions of Japanese law, and propose corresponding solutions for the above-mentioned issues. Based on the above conclusions, it is recommended to reconcile the right to distribution of marital property in civil law with the divorce pension distribution system, and integrate the regulation of divorce pension distribution, so that the court will not judge paradoxically, and the husband and wife's property can be distributed more clearly and reasonably, and ensure the property that the side of economy-weakness in the marriage.