摘要
本文研究西夏語動詞前否定成分𗅋mji1、𘖑mjɨ1、𗷝mjij2、𘅇tji1 的語法性質。動詞前否定成分可分為標準否定標記𗅋mji1 與𘖑mjɨ1、完成否定標記𗷝mjij2 以及禁止標記𘅇tji1 三類。 藉由不同文獻的深入考察，結合語言學概念的廓清，我檢討過去西夏學學者對西夏語動詞前否定成分的相關論述，並提出我的意見。 我首先在第一章對否定的概念以及西夏語的否定標記進行回顧，並說明本文的研究方法與對象。 第二章則是回顧動詞前否定成分的語序、構詞問題，論證西夏語的否定標記𗅋mji1、𘖑mjɨ1、𗷝mjij2、𘅇tji1 都是用於動詞前的否定詞，並沒有置於句末的用法。 第三章討論標準否定標記𗅋mji1 與𘖑mjɨ1 的分布情況。我發現，無論是詞類或是語意，似乎都無法提供完善的解釋。 第四章討論否定成分𘖑𗉘 mjɨ1 tśhjɨ1。過去對𘖑𗉘 mjɨ1 tśhjɨ1 的兩種解讀似乎都無法很好解釋其使用語境。我以語境為切入點，試圖提出新說，並說明𗉘 tśhjɨ1 可能的演變路徑。 第五章討論完整體否定標記𗷝mjij2 的時體特徵。𗷝mjij2 的核心語意為完整體的否定，但配合不同動詞時也可表達對其他體貌的否定。另外，當𗷝mjij2 用於指涉未來時間的語句時，會使用特定構式表達。 第六章討論禁止標記𘅇tji1 的人稱問題以及語氣問題，並提出一種較為特殊的「禁止使役」構式，以及一些我暫時無法提出解釋的語言現象。
並列摘要
This thesis explores the grammatical properties of preverbal negatives in Tangut, including 𗅋mji1, 𘖑mjɨ1, 𗷝mjij2, and 𘅇tji1. These elements are categorized into three types: standard negatives 𗅋mji1 and 𘖑mjɨ1, perfective negative 𗷝mjij2, and prohibitive 𘅇tji1. Through the detailed examination of Tangut texts and the clarification of linguistic concepts, I comment on the previous discussions on the preverbal negatives by Tangutologists, and present my revised opinion. In the first chapter, I review the concept of “negation” and the study of negatives in Tangut, and explain the method and the object of this study. The second chapter addresses the word order and morphological issues of preverbal negation elements, demonstrating that the negation markers 𗅋mji1, 𘖑mjɨ1, 𗷝mjij2, and 𘅇tji1 are used exclusively as preverbal negation words and are not employed at the end of sentences. The third chapter discusses the distribution of the standard negation markers 𗅋mji1 and 𘖑mjɨ1. I found that neither word class of verbs nor meanings of sentences can provide a comprehensive explanation. The fourth chapter explores the negation component 𘖑𗉘 mjɨ1 tśhjɨ1. Previous explanations of it have failed to adequately explain its usage context. By examining the context, I propose a new interpretation of 𘖑𗉘 mjɨ1 tśhjɨ1, and provide a possible evolutionary path of 𗉘 tśhjɨ1. The fifth chapter analyzes the tense and aspect features of the perfective negation marker 𗷝mjij2. The core meaning of 𗷝mjij2 is the negation of the perfective aspect, but it can also express the negation of other aspects when combined with different verbs. Additionally, specific constructions are used when the sentence refers to future. The sixth chapter addresses issues related to person and mood with the prohibitive marker 𘅇tji1, presenting a unique "prohibitive causative" construction and discussing some linguistic phenomena that I am currently unable to explain.
參考文獻
［西漢］司馬遷撰，韓兆琦譯注2010《史記》。北京：中華書局。
［南朝宋］范曄撰，［唐］李賢等注，［晉］司馬彪補志，楊家駱主編1981《新校本後漢書并附編十三種》。臺北：鼎文書局。
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2010. Imperatives and commands. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2016. Sentence types, in Jan Nuyts & Johan van der Auwera (eds.) The Oxford handbook of modality and mood, 141-165. New York: Oxford University Press.
Arakawa, Shintaro. 2018. Once again, on the "dual" suffix of Tangut. Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics.