華語「要不是」的探析與教學建議──以語料庫為本

一份成就測驗的結果顯示，華語學習者在使用反事實假設連詞「要不是」時偏誤率高達七成。然而，目前缺乏針對「要不是」用法的語言本體研究，難以說明學習者偏誤產生的原因。為提供一個全面性的用法說明，本研究採用法為本（usage-based）的研究方法，考察《COCT 書面語語料庫2019》內「要不是」語料的句法、使用情境，並綜合前人對「要不是」語義的看法，進一步提出關於「要不是」語義、句法、使用情境等三層面的教學語法描述。根據前人對「要不是」的語義探析，本研究總結其語義同於「如果不是」，然則兩者的用法卻有所不同，「要不是」僅能表達與過去事實相反的假設，故為漢語中專職的反事實假設標記。語料庫結果顯示，「要不是」構句時有兩種功能：反事實假設複句與選擇複句。反事實假設複句是「要不是」的主要功能，複句語義為：「要不是因為某一過去事實，就會發生與現在事實相反的另一種結果」。在語料庫中「要不是」常和能願動詞「會/不會」、副詞「就、真、還」、與時間相關的副詞「早」、可能類副詞「可能、恐怕、大概、說不定」及連詞「因為」搭配，並且高頻以「要不是A，(Subj.)＋會/不會B」和「要不是A，(Subj.)＋就B（了）」形式出現。除此之外，「要不是」複句的後句常以「否定」為手段來達成反事實的語義。至於說話人高頻使用「要不是」的情境則為：慶幸、無奈、不滿、感謝、責怪等五種。選擇複句是「要不是」的另一功能，其語義同於「不是A就是B」，說話人使用此結構來表達A和B之中必只有一個選項為真，高頻以「要不是A，就是B」形式出現，其使用情境則不似反事實句有所侷限。根據本文的研究結果，最終提出「要不是」的教學語法描述和教學排序，以期在華語教材編寫與華語教學應用上有所助益和啟發。

關鍵字

要不是；用法為本；語料庫為本；華語教學；教學建議

並列摘要

The results of an achievement test showed that learners had a 70% error rate when using the Chinese counterfactual conjunction yaobushi. However, a lack of research on the usage of yaobushi causing a difficulty to explain the reasons for learner errors. In order to provide a comprehensive usage description of yaobushi, this study adopts a usage-based method to examine the syntax and the use-situation of yaobushi in the COCT 2019 Written Corpus. Combining previous researchs on semantics of yaobushi, we further propose a thorough description of pedagogical grammar on the semantics, syntax, and use-situations of yaobushi. According to previous semantic analysis of yaobushi, it has the same meaning as ruguo bushi (if it were not). However, the usage of the two is different, yaobushi can only be used to express hypotheses contrary to the past facts; therefore a counterfactual conditional markers in Chinese. Our corpus results show that yaobushi has two functions when constructing sentences: counterfactual conditionals and disjunctive sentences. The counterfactual conditional is the main function of yaobushi, and the semantics of this construction will be "if it were not for some past fact, the consequence which is the opposite of present fact would have occurred". Yaobushi often collocates with the modal verb hui/buhui, adverbs jiu, zhen, hai, time-related adverbs zao, adverbs espressing likelihood keneng, kongpa, dagai, shuobuding and the conjunction yinwei in the corpus. The constructions yaobushi A, (Subj.) + hui/buhui B and yaobushi A, (Subj.) + jiu B (le) show high frequency in the corpus. In addition, the second clause of yaobushi compound sentence often achieve the meaning of contrary to present fact by adopting “negation”. As for the use-situations we observed in the corpus, speakers commonly used yaobushi in the following situations: fortunate, resigned, discontent, thankful, and blame. Disjunctive sentence is another function of yaobushi. The meaning of this construction is the same as bushi A jiushi B (either A or B). Speakers use this structure to express either A or B must be true. It appears mostly in the form of yaobushi A jiushi B. In addition, the use-situations of selective sentences are not as specific as in counterfactual conditionals. Based on the results of the present study, pedogagical grammar description and sequencing of yaobushi were provided at the end of the thesis, in the hope to give a new insight into the compilation of Chinese textbooks and the application of Chinese teaching.