- 學位論文
從文化現象過渡至全球衛生議題：繭居者相關特徵之綜觀研究
A shift from a cultural phenomenon to a Global Health Issue: a scoping review on associated characteristics of Hikikomori
摘要
研究目的： 目前，有關「繭居族 (Hikikomori)」的綜合數據非常匱乏，然而近年來，特別是在2021–2023年期間，有關繭居族的相關研究發表顯著增加。本研究旨在了解繭居族的相關特性，以提升人們對繭居族的認識，並尋找具體證據以證明繭居族確實是一個新興的全球衛生問題。 研究方法： 本研究為一範域文獻回顧研究 (scoping review) 。以下列學術資料庫進行資料查詢：PubMed、Scopus和Web of Science。所有以英語撰寫，並經同儕審核之量性與質性研究皆被納入。本研究更進一步使用Reddit網站進行調查，以了解繭居族的個人觀點。本研究依照Joanna Briggs Institute所公布的指引進行文獻回顧，所探討的研究問題如下： 1. 年齡與繭居族之間的關係是什麼？ 2. 性別與繭居族之間的關係是什麼？ 3. 國家與繭居族之間有什麼關係？ 4. 影響繭居族的主要因素是什麼？ 研究結果： 本範域文獻回顧研究總共納入了59個研究。樣本平均年齡為24.56歲、男性佔64.28%，顯示繭居族普遍存在年輕人中，且多以男性為主。此外，有繭居族相關發表的共有24個國家，其中，日本佔31%，其次是美國、中國大陸和香港，各佔7%。這顯示東亞國家（尤其是日本）與繭居族之間存在正相關。在所回顧的文獻中，共計有18個與繭居族相關的因素，其中最常見的是網絡成癮、關係問題、憂鬱、父母問題、失敗感和焦慮。由此可知，繭居族的成因複雜，部分合併其他精神疾病，然而，亦有許多與精神疾病無關，而更有可能是因負面生活經驗、遭社會規範拒絕、網路成癮行為…等綜合因素而導致。 結論： 近年來，繭居族在全球不斷增加，並不僅限於與日本文化有關。繭居族的成因和相關特性極為複雜，係透過多種因素共同形成。儘管特定文化因素有助於解釋東亞國家的盛行率上升，但全球化、現代化和網絡成癮等因素將降低文化所造成的影響，並為繭居族盛行率在日本和東亞以外地區的增加提供解釋。
並列摘要
Purpose The objective of this study is to understand the characteristics in relation to Hikikomori and to find evidence specifically supporting the fact that it is a genuine emerging global health issue. This study aims to analyse and examine the current associated characteristics of Hikikomori in order to create a synthesis on the present understanding of Hikikomori individuals. This study will aid in future research by highlighting specific topics within the field of Hikikomori from which a narrower scoped analysis could be conducted. Currently, there is a significant lack of synthesised data on Hikikomori and in recent years, especially from 2021-2023 there has been a significant increase in the number of published studies that contain epidemiological data on Hikikomori. Method The study design for this thesis is a scoping review. The following academic databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Qualitative and quantitative studies written in English and academic peer-reviewed journals were included. A literature review is also included and Reddit polls on the r/Hikikomori subreddit online forum were included to better understand the opinions of Hikikomori individuals themselves. The scoping review followed the JBI Protocol for scoping reviews. The review questions for the scoping review are as follows: 1. What is the relationship between age and Hikikomori? 2. What is the relationship between gender and Hikikomori? 3. What is the relationship between country and Hikikomori? 4. What are the main factors influencing the development of Hikikomori? Data from the scoping review was extracted and put into a table for presentation. Charts were also used to visualize the results for each category which were also qualitatively described. Findings The following summarised results were obtained from the scoping review. 59 studies were included in the scoping review. The Mean age was found to be 24.56, indicating a positive correlation between youth and Hikikomori. The percentage of Males was found to be 64.28%, indicating a positive correlation between Male gender and Hikikomori. A total of 24 unique countries with Hikikomori evidence were identified. With Japan making up 31% of the studies, followed by USA, China and Hong Kong with 7% each. Indicating a positive correlation between East Asian countries, specifically Japan and Hikikomori. A total of 18 most common associated factors to Hikikomori across studies was identified, with Internet addiction, offline relationship issues, depression, parental issues, feelings of failure, and anxiety as the most commonly identified, respectively. Hikikomori causes are incredibly diverse, many have comorbidity with other psychiatric disorder, while many do not and can be explained by a combination of adverse life experiences, rejection of social norms and digital addictive behaviours. Conclusion Hikikomori is increasingly being seen globally and the argument for it being culturally bound to Japan has greatly deteriorated in recent years. The causes and associated characteristics of Hikikomori are complex. Clearly, there is an interplay of multiple factors, while cultural specific factors can help to explain the increased assumed prevalence in East Asian countries, globalization, modernisation and internet addiction both reduce the cultural exclusiveness of these factors which may be more universal in nature in correlation with time and present explanations for increasing Hikikomori prevalence outside of Japan and East Asia.