- 學位論文
一、對羥基苯甲酸酯與兒童神經發展之相關性 二、對羥基苯甲酸酯與兒童甲狀腺荷爾蒙之相關性
Part I: Parabens Exposure and Neurodevelopment on Children Part II: Parabens Exposure and Thyroid Hormones on Children
摘要
Part I 研究背景：對羥基苯甲酸酯通常用作為防腐劑使用。過去研究針對產前暴露對羥基苯甲酸酯探討，其結果可能會影響胎兒的神經發育，導致胎兒發展受限。然而，可能地原因仍存在爭議。本研究目的是探討兒童暴露於對羥基苯甲酸酯與神經發育之間的關係。 研究方法：研究人群選自台灣出生世代長期追蹤研究（Taiwan Birth Panel Study II，TBPS 2）。我們總共收集269名兒童的尿液，並分析四種對羥基苯甲酸酯，包括對羥基苯甲酸甲酯（Methyl paraben，MP），對羥基苯甲酸乙酯（Ethyl paraben，EP），對羥基苯甲酸丙酯（Propyl paraben，PP）和對羥基苯甲酸丁酯（Butyl paraben，BP）。此外，我們使用克氏注意力持續度表測驗（Conners Kiddie Test II，K-CPT II）檢測兒童專注力狀況。 研究結果：尿液中對羥基苯甲酸酯的濃度與和專注力測驗指標有關。我們發現尿液中MP濃度與注意力不足及過動症（Attention Deficit And Hyperkinetic Disorders，ADHD）傾向（Tendency）有關。校正後模型中的MP與ADHD Tendency的勝算比為1.17（95% CI：1.00至1.37）。 結論：對羥基苯甲酸酯的暴露與兒童的神經發育有關。高濃度的MP可能具有較高的ADHD Tendency風險，尤其在女孩中有顯著影響，可能的機制及因果關係值得近一步研究探討。 Part II 研究背景：對羥基苯甲酸酯（Parabens）常被添加於許多產品中，主要功能作為防腐劑使用。對羥基苯甲酸酯被歸類為內分泌干擾物質（Endocrine Disrupting Chemical，EDC）。本研究探討兒童暴露對羥基苯甲酸酯與甲狀腺激素的關係。 研究方法：研究人群選自台灣出生世代長期追蹤研究（Taiwan Birth Panel Study II，TBPS 2）。研究人群中，納入334名6－8歲兒童量測血漿中的5種甲狀腺激素，包括三碘甲狀腺素（Triiodothyronine，T3）和甲狀腺素（Thyroxine，T4），甲狀腺刺激激素（Thyroid Stimulating Hormone，TSH），游離三碘甲狀腺素（Free Triiodothyronine，T3）和游離甲狀腺素（Free Thyroxine，FT4）。我們分析四種對羥基苯甲酸酯包括對羥基苯甲酸甲酯（Methyl paraben，MP），對羥基苯甲酸乙酯（Ethyl paraben，EP），對羥基苯甲酸丙酯（Propyl paraben，PP）和對羥基苯甲酸丁酯（Butyl paraben，BP）。 研究結果：MP，EP，PP，BP的幾何平均濃度分別為409.77（SD = 2025.56），8.60（45.33），12.68（110.88）pg / mL和0.82（1.89）pg / mL。經性別分層後，尿液中高暴露對羥基苯甲酸酯與低暴露組相比，T3和FT3顯著增加有關（β= 11.989 [95% CI = 4.08至19.9]），（β= 0.194 [95% CI = 0.05至0.34]）。 結論：我們的研究發現，MP和BP的暴露與甲狀腺激素分泌有關，其中影響女孩TSH、FT3的結果最顯著。
並列摘要
ABSTRACT: PART I Background Parabens are commonly used as preservatives in a variety of products. Previous studies have focused on prenatal exposure to parabens, and the results showed that it may affect neural development of the fetus, leading to limited fetal development. However, the possible reasons are still controversial. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between children's exposure to parabens and their neurodevelopment. Methods The population of this study was selected from a long-term follow-up study in Taiwan (Taiwan Birth Panel Study II, TBPS 2). We collected a total of 269 children’s urine and analyzed four types of parabens, including Methyl paraben (MP), Ethyl paraben (EP), Propyl paraben (PP), and Butyl paraben (BP). In addition, we used The Conners Kiddie Continuous Performance Test 2nd Edition™ (K-CPT II) to detect the concentration ability of children. Results The concentration of parabens in urine is related to concentration ability test index. We found that MP concentration in urine was related to Attention Deficit and Hyperkinetic Disorders (ADHD) tendency. The odds ratio of MP to ADHD tendency in the corrected model was 1.17 (95% CI: 1.00 to 1.37). Conclusions Exposure to parabens is related to the neurodevelopment of children. High concentrations of MP may have a higher tendency for ADHD, especially in girls. Yet the possible mechanism and causality are worthy of further research and discussion. ABSTRACT: PART II Background Parabens are widely used as preservative in many products. Parabens are regarded as one of the Endocrine Disrupting Chemical (EDC). In addition, thyroid hormones are essential for the neurodevelopment of children. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the relationship between children's exposure to parabens and thyroid hormones. Methods The population of this study was selected from a long-term follow-up study in Taiwan (Taiwan Birth Panel Study II, TBPS 2). Among the study population, 334 children aged 6-8 years had complete assessments and questionnaire data. We measured 5 thyroid hormones in plasma, including Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4). Meanwhile, we analyzed four parabens including methyl paraben (MP), ethyl paraben (EP), propyl paraben (PP), and Butyl paraben (BP). Results The geometric mean concentrations of MP, EP, PP, and BP were 409.77 (SD = 2025.56), 8.60 (45.33), 12.68 (110.88) n/mL and 0.82 (1.89) ng/mL, respectively. After sex stratification, high-exposure parabens in urine were associated with a significant increase in T3 and FT3, compared with low-exposure groups. （β= 11.989 [95% CI = 4.08 to 19.9]），（β= 0.194 [95% CI = 0.05 to 0.34]） Conclusion We found that MP and BP exposure is related to the secretion of thyroid hormones, and there is a positive correlation between TSH and FT3. Among them, the impact on girls is greater.