- 學位論文
咖啡貿易、所得不均度與人類發展：拉丁美洲主要咖啡出口國之實證研究
Coffee Trade, Income Inequality and Human Development: An Empirical Study of Latin American Major Coffee Exporters
摘要
貿易開放的文獻中廣泛研究了全球化對國家增長水平、收入不平等和人類發展的影響。然而，一些地區的專業不同，拉丁美洲和加勒比地區最著名的產品是咖啡。迄今為止，該地區十大咖啡出口國生產了近 37% 的咖啡世界貿易。評估咖啡貿易對人類發展的影響對該地區至關重要。本研究旨在回答兩個問題：咖啡貿易如何影響拉丁美洲和加勒比地區的人類發展？長期嚴重的收入不平等對咖啡貿易與人類發展之間的關係有何影響？中介效應模型通過假設收入不平等作為中介來正確評估咖啡貿易與人類發展之間的關係。所提出的模型應用於 1980 年至 2020 年 10 個主要咖啡出口國的不平衡面板數據。我們的研究結果表明，咖啡貿易不是人類發展的重要決定因素。按收入水平分類的結果表明，咖啡貿易僅在高收入群體中是人類發展的重要決定因素。基礎設施被發現是高收入和低收入群體人類發展的重要預測因素。收入不平等對咖啡貿易活動的中介作用使低收入生產者黯然失色。因此，與咖啡貿易對拉丁美洲和加勒比地區有利的預期相反，本研究的結果表明，對高收入國家的負面影響更大，而對低收入國家沒有發現可衡量的好處。
並列摘要
The effect of globalization on countries’ level of growth, income inequality and human development were widely studied in the literature of trade openness. However, some regions specialize in different industries, Latin America and the Caribbean region most renowned product is coffee. So far ten major coffee exporters in the region produced almost 37% of the coffee’s world trade. To evaluate the effect of coffee trade on human development is of utmost importance for the region. This study intends to answer two questions: How does coffee trade affect human development for Latin America and the Caribbean? What role does the chronic high levels of income inequality affect the relationship between coffee trade and human development? The mediation effect model is employed to properly asses the relationship between coffee trade and human development by hypothesizing income inequality as the mediator. The proposed model was applied to an unbalanced panel data of ten major coffee exporting countries from the 1980 to 2020. Our findings suggest that coffee trade is not a strong determinant for human development. Results through a categorization by income level indicate that coffee trade is a significant determinant for human development only among the high-income group. Infrastructure is found to be a significant predictor of human development for both high- and low-income groups. The income inequality mediation effect on coffee trade activity overshadowed low-income producers. Therefore, contrary to the expectation that coffee trade is beneficial to the Latin America and the Caribbean region, the results in this study suggest a greater negative impact for high-income countries and no measurable benefit was found for low-income countries.