- 學位論文
以AQI衡量空氣品質改善的健康與經濟效益
Using Air Quality Index to Evaluate Health Benefits and Economic Benefits of Air Quality Improvements.
摘要
空氣品質對人體健康影響的議題不分國內外都越來越受到關注。為提升國民健康保障和改善空氣污染，我國政府於2016年12月起實施空氣品質指標(Air Quality Index, AQI)，並制定空氣品質保護相關政策和規劃；然而多數研究以特定空氣污染物的濃度減量來評估空氣品質改善成效，不易民眾理解。本研究係考量民眾在日常生活中多以易於理解的AQI判定空氣污染情形，且我國空污防制方案和計畫皆將AQI不良率作為空氣品質目標，故針對AQI等級之間的改善和AQI不良率每下降1%對應之健康風險進行分析。首先以我國近年與空氣污染有關之重點死因和疾病作為健康效應指標，利用基於健康影響評估架構建立的空氣品質改善效益評估流程，探討AQI改善對於全國、七大空品區和以性別與年齡別分的族群帶來多少健康效益，並將其量化成貨幣價值，藉以進一步探尋易受空氣污染影響的高風險族群，並檢視空污防制相關政策下，空氣品質改善之淨效益。 研究結果顯示全國總健康效益隨著AQI改善程度越多而增加，自情境1(AQI由普通改善至良好等級)的79.6萬件到情境5(AQI由危害改善至良好等級)的506.7萬件；而將健康效益貨幣化後，具最多全因死亡變化量的情境3(AQI由對所有人不健康改善至良好等級)有最高總貨幣效益約達923,308億元。心腦血管疾病患者、>65歲年長者皆為敏感性族群，需多加注意空氣品質狀態。此外，對於AQI重點改善區域，即高屏空品區的《空氣污染防制計畫》進行成本效益分析後發現，若高雄市與屏東縣每年皆達到AQI不良率改善目標，前者年均淨效益現值為172,400億元，後者則為37,296億元，兩者淨效益現值皆大於零，《空氣污染防制計畫》具經濟可行性。 本研究使用AQI衡量我國空氣品質改善之健康與經濟效益，以期提升大眾對空氣品質的理解和意識，並以更貼近國人健康狀況和更全面的角度提供政府單位空品管理決策參考。
並列摘要
Issues related to human health impacts of air quality has been aroused more and more attention throughout the world. In order to improve health protection and tackle air pollution, our government has implemented Air Quality Index (AQI) since December 2016, and formulated policies and plans involved with air quality protection. However, most studies evaluate effectiveness of air quality improvement by decreasing concentration of specific air pollutants, which is difficult for the public to understand. This study considers that people often use AQI to determine air pollution levels in their daily lives. Moreover, air pollution control programs and plans in Taiwan take AQI nonconformance proportion as air quality targets. Accordingly, it aims at using health risks corresponding to each level of AQI and the 1% drop in the AQI nonconformance proportion to analyzes. First of all, we start with regarding the significant causes of death and diseases concerning air pollution in Taiwan in recent years as health indicators. Then, using evaluation process of benefits of air quality improvement based on the framework of health impact assessment, we examine the impact of AQI improvement on all Taiwanese, seven air quality zones, populations by gender and age. Meanwhile, those health benefits are converted into monetary values. Finally, this study explores high-risk groups who is vulnerable to air pollution, and furthermore, investigates the net present value of air quality improvements under air pollution control policies. The results of the research show that total domestic health benefits increase 1with the degree of AQI improvement, from 0.796 million cases in scenario 1 (AQI improves from moderate category to good category) to 5.067 million cases in scenario 5 (AQI improves from hazardous category to good category). Moreover, after monetizing the health benefits, scenario 3 with greatest change in all-cause mortality (AQI improves from unhealthy category to good category) has the highest total monetary benefit: NT$ 92,330.8 billion. In addition, patients suffering from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and the elderly over 65 years old are all belong to sensitive groups, who needs to pay more attention to air quality levels. In addition, the results of cost-benefit analysis of Air Pollution Control Plan for the crucial area of AQI improvement: Kao-ping air quality zone indicates that if Kaohsiung City and Pingtung County both reach air quality targets of AQI nonconformance proportion every year, the former’s average annual present value of net benefit is NT$ 17,240 billion, and the latter’s is NT$ 3,729.6 billion. Both present value of net benefits are greater than zero; therefore, Air Pollution Control Plans are economically feasible. To summarize, this study utilizes AQI to measure health and economic benefits of air quality improvements in Taiwan. It anticipates to enhance public understanding and awareness of air quality; besides, to provide government agencies with a more localized, diverse and comprehensive perspective on air quality management in decision-making.