任意終止契約所致損害賠償責任之研究

依照現行民法之規定，尤其在提供勞務性質之繼續性契約中，部分契約當事人享有任意終止權，惟其合法權利之行使卻同時引發損害賠償責任。此一損害賠償責任之來源，即係為了保障他方對於契約存續之合理信賴。由此可見，終止權人之契約自決權與被終止人對於契約應嚴守之信賴，二者價值間將產生一定程度之衝突，於解釋論上應如何取得平衡，正是本文主要研究的問題。綜覽終止權之類型，並從任意終止之有效性要件出發，立法者不論係為了當事人一方之利益，或基於契約之特性而賦予當事人任意終止權，此種權利之行使仍不宜過於恣意，故有輔以損害賠償責任作為衡平之措施。惟我國目前實務對於損害賠償責任相關之問題尚欠缺論理之一致性，而此法律適用上之歧見可能進而導致同一事實於不同審級間發生裁判歧異，損及當事人對於法院之信賴。經由我國民法第511條、第514條之9及第549條之探討，並結合比較法研究，本文試圖從損害賠償之各個面向加以檢討，並特別著重在損害賠償之性質、範圍以及關於責任限制之解釋可能性，提出具體解釋途徑與建議，期望能夠為實務操作提供參考，並促進我國損害賠償法領域之發展。

關鍵字

終止權；任意終止；損害賠償之範圍；履行利益損害賠償；信賴利益損害賠償

並列摘要

According to Taiwan's Civil Code, particularly in the continuing contracts involving labor services, certain parties possess the right to terminate the contract at will. However, exercising this right can result in liabilities for damages, as it is essential to protect the other party's reasonable expectations of the contract's continuation. Consequently, this paper focuses on balancing the value of the terminator's contractual self-determination with the terminated party's reliance on the contract. This study categorizes various types of termination rights and examines the necessary conditions for valid termination for convenience. Legislators grant such termination rights either for the benefit of one party or due to the nature of the contract, implying that the exercise of these rights should not be excessively discretionary. To address this, compensating for damages is proposed as a balancing measure. The current practice in Taiwan lacks consistency in theories regarding liability for damages due to termination at will, resulting in divergent legal applications. This inconsistency has led to different judicial outcomes for the same facts at different judicial levels, which may undermine the parties' trust in the judiciary. By analyzing Articles 511, 514-9, and 549 of Taiwan's Civil Code and incorporating comparative law studies, this paper reviews various aspects of damages, focusing on their nature, scope, and the interpretive possibilities of liability limitations. It proposes specific approaches and recommendations to aid practical implementation and foster the development of Taiwan's damages law.