從國家安全角度建構科技時代下之營業秘密保護 —— 美韓法制及我國國家核心關鍵技術營業秘密之借鏡

本論文探討科技時代下，美國與南韓如何從國家安全角度建構營業秘密之保護，並以此為我國國家核心關鍵技術營業秘密保護之借鏡。美國自1996年以來實施《經濟間諜法案》（ Economic Espionage Act），並於2023年施行《保護美國智慧財產法案》（Protecting American Intellectual Property Act，PAIP）。與我國同為亞洲國家且產業結構相似之南韓，於《不正競爭防止及營業秘密保護法》外，於2007年及2022年分別通過《產業技術保護法》及《關於加強與保護國家高科技戰略產業競爭力特別措施法》。自紅色供應鏈崛起以來，我國面臨以中國大陸為首之境外勢力技術侵奪愈趨嚴重，對於我國之國家安全影響不容小覷。為防免技術因此成為中國大陸攫取無形技術之標的，我國亦積極將營業秘密保護提升至國家安全層級，於2022年經立法院三讀通過《國家安全法》修正草案，增訂「為外國等侵害國核關鍵技術營業秘密罪」與「國核關鍵技術營業秘密域外使用罪」。本文認為以國家安全角度建構營業秘密之保護，有助確保我國產業優勢地位並維護國家安全，惟我國現行國家核心關鍵技術營業秘密保護法制規範與執行上均尚待改善。本文指出國家核心關鍵技術並無與營業秘密包裹保護之必要性，且對於自願移轉技術者之規範不足，目前國家核心關鍵技術尚有審議效率和民間參與度較低之問題。本文另說明應實質判斷法人法遵制度之有效性，以及我國政經體制並不宜逕採經濟性制裁措施，也提醒須留意偵查保密令之適用困境與圖利外國之意圖證明難題，以期實現「安全、高科技、高品質」之產業技術發展目標，提升產業競爭力與國家經濟利益。

關鍵字

經濟間諜；營業秘密盜竊；技術外流；營業秘密法；國家安全法；國家核心關鍵技術

並列摘要

This paper explores how the United States and South Korea approach the protection of trade secrets from a national security perspective in the technological era, providing insights for Taiwan’s policies on trade secrets of national core key technologies. Taiwan has increasingly faced threats of technology outflow amidst the rise of the red supply chain, significantly impacting its national security. Therefore, the 2022 amendments to the National Security Act impose penalties for economic espionage and the extraterritorial use of trade secrets of national core key technologies. Protecting trade secrets from a national security perspective gives Taiwan the opportunity to gain sustainable competitive advantages and ensure its national security. However, Taiwan’s current legal framework and enforcement of trade secrets of national core key technologies need improvement. This paper suggests separating national core key technologies from trade secret protection and imposing regulations for voluntary technology transfer. Additionally, the inefficiency of and the lack of private sector participation during the technology designation process could be ameliorated. This paper emphasizes the substantive assessment of compliance programs and advises against economic sanctions under Taiwan’s political and economic system. It also highlights challenges in applying investigation confidentiality protective orders and proving intentions to benefit a foreign power. The analysis and advice aim to achieve “safety, high technology, and high quality” in industrial technology development, thereby enhancing industrial competitiveness and national economic interests.