自動車牌辨識與預防性資料儲備—— 以刑事程序為中心

我國路口監視器除了一般影像錄製以外，更逐漸新增自動辨識車牌號碼，並予以即時比對的功能。這些經由軟體量化處理的資料，能夠輕易地相互連結，並且發揮同GPS偵查的效果——描繪出特定人完整的行車軌跡。不同的是，GPS偵查尚且是針對具有犯罪嫌疑，或對刑事追訴有所貢獻者；自動車牌辨識系統卻是全天候、持續不間斷地蒐集、儲備一般人民的行車資訊。於此，為了未來可能的偵查需求，授權警察機關得以預防性儲備這些個人資料，就如同一面揮舞打擊犯罪的大旗，一面迫使人民承受其私人生活遭受探知、揭露的風險。則資料蒐集的地點應有何限制？資料儲備應限於多長期間？資料調取又應符合哪些程序要件？遂成為本文研究重點。　　本文以德國《刑事訴訟法》第163g條為借鏡，具體考察立法過程，以此理解德國立法者嚴格排除預防性車牌辨識資料儲備的實際緣由，同時藉由歐盟法上因課予會員國強制儲備通信紀錄義務所引發的爭議，反思我國實務上預防性儲備車牌辨識資料措施，對於人民基本權利之自由行使可能產生的影響，據以審查現行法下是否具備相當的授權基礎，並提出立法建議。

關鍵字

科技偵查；車牌辨識；車輛位置資訊；預防性資料儲備；個資保護

並列摘要

In addition to regular video recording, surveillance cameras at intersections in our country are increasingly equipped with automatic license plate recognition (ALPR, also known as ANPR) and real-time comparison functionalities. These software-processed data can be easily interconnected, achieving a similar effect to GPS tracking by mapping out the complete driving trajectory of specific individuals. However, unlike GPS tracking, which targets individuals suspected of criminal activity or contributing to criminal prosecution, the ALPR system continuously collects and stores driving information of the general public around the clock. This raises significant concerns: while the police are authorized to reserve these personal data for potential future investigations in the name of crime prevention, the public must endure the risk of their private lives being pried into or exposed. Therefore, questions arise regarding the limitations on data collection locations, the duration of data retention, and the procedural requirements for data retrieval. These issues form the core focus of this study. This thesis takes Article 163g of the German Code of Criminal Procedure as a principal reference, conducting a comprehensive examination of the legislative process to elucidate the rationale behind the German legislators' stringent exclusion of preventive retention of number plate recognition data. Additionally, it scrutinizes the controversies triggered by the European Union's mandate for member states to retain communication records. Through this analysis, the study critically evaluates the measures adopted in our country concerning the preventive retention of number plate recognition data and their potential impact on the free exercise of fundamental rights by individuals. Based on this thorough evaluation, the thesis reviews the adequacy of the current legal framework and advances legislative recommendations.