- 學位論文
外來入侵種埃及聖鹮 (Threskiornis aethiopicus) 在臺灣分布之時空變化
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Invasive Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus) in Taiwan
摘要
外來種是人為有意或無意引入的非當地物種，被引入後可能由於很適合新棲息地，進而對本土種造成危害，成為入侵種。埃及聖鹮 (Threskiornis aethiopicus) 被引入臺灣成為觀賞鳥，逃逸至野外後，首次野外記錄為1984年的關渡，至今已擴散至臺灣本島西海岸大部分主要濕地，其族群擴散對於本土鳥種或許存在強烈壓迫的可能。埃及聖鹮在臺灣大尺度方面的研究相較小尺度缺乏，且相較先後進行移除，以臺灣本島為範圍同步進行移除更有效率，若能了解埃及聖鹮於臺灣是否還有擴散族群的空間、哪些地區對埃及聖鹮來說蘊藏著相較其他地區豐沛的資源，以及距離下一波擴散還有多少時間，對埃及聖鹮的防治上應會有一定的幫助。本研究使用中華民國野鳥學會以及eBird的賞鳥資料庫進行分析，探討埃及聖鹮在1984至2017年臺灣本島尺度下之成長趨勢（總族群量、分布範圍、占有面積）、最重要的棲地在哪些區域、時空擴散趨勢為何。結果顯示，總族群量與占有面積呈指數成長，分布面積呈線性成長，而且存在空間自相關、時間自相關及時空交互作用。所有重要棲地共有11個，其中面積最大、數量最穩定的三個依序是淡水河流域、布袋暨北門濕地、成龍暨鰲鼓濕地，其在2017年總族群量和歷年累積族群數量皆占臺灣本島的50%以上；這三個重要棲地中的一級棲地總面積達所有一級棲地的60.8%。時空擴散趨勢分別為5至6年及36至40公里。本研究推測，於2022至2023年距離現有一級棲地36至40公里的零星棲地將會是新擴散的一級棲地。根據本研究的結果期望能提供相關單位埃及聖鹮防治策略之參考，並增加實行有效防治埃及聖鹮的可能。
並列摘要
Alien species are species intentionally or accidently introduced outside from their natural geographical range by human. After introduced, an alien species is possible to further become an invasive species due to excellent adapting to new habitats. Sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus) were introduced into Taiwan for watching. Afterwards, they became escaped birds. The first field record was in Guandu in 1984 and they have spread to most of major wetlands in the west coast of Taiwan so far. It is possible that the range expansion of Sacred ibis will oppress the survival of native birds. However, it is more effective on eliminating their population by the whole main island of Taiwan than small region, but there is lack of the research on Sacred ibis from the insight of large area spatiotemporal variation. Therefore, to figure out where are the most important habitats for Sacred ibis in the main island of Taiwan, this study used the bird watching database in Chinese Wild Bird Federation (CWBF) and eBird for analysis, trying to explore what is the growth trends (total population, extend of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO)) in the main island of Taiwan from 1984 to 2017, whether there are spatial cluster and temporal cluster, what habitat regions are the most important, whether there are spatiotemporal interaction and what is the spatiotemporal expansion trends. The results showed that total population and AOO increased exponentially, EOO increased linearly, and there exactly exists spatial cluster, temporal cluster and spatiotemporal interaction. In the all eleven important habitats, three of the largest and most stable are Tamsui River Basin, Budai Salt Pan and Beimen Wetland, Chenglong and Aogu Wetland by rank order, they account for 53.42% of the total population in the main island of Taiwan, and there are three Core habitats in these three important habitats: Guandu, Budai, Aogu, they account for 39.2% of total area of all Core habitats. The results of spatiotemporal expansion trends suggest the feature of the potential Core habitats, it is 5-6 years for time and 36-40 km for space respectively. The study inferred that the noise habitats 36-40km from the current Core habitats are the potential Core habitats possibly in 2022-2023. The study provided concerned department useful information and improve the possibility of realizing effective prevention and control of Sacred ibis.