- 學位論文
觀光產業發展與所得不均度之關係-以台灣為例
The relationship between tourism development and income inequality: the case of Taiwan
摘要
觀察過去有關觀光產業研究文獻，可以發現大多關注在觀光產業是否能推動一地區的經濟發展，但隨貧富差距等社會議題逐漸受到重視，經濟學家不再只關注如何提高總產出，亦關心如何縮小貧富差距，又或者是某些有利總產出的政策是否會有擴大貧富差距的負面效果。因此本研究蒐集台灣各縣市1999年至2017年資料，以各縣市觀光收入與吉尼係數為研究變數，搭配各種環境變數，以向量自我迴歸模型VAR進行分析。 本研究分別以各地區觀光支出總額及家庭平均觀光支出作為兩種不同觀光發展變數。若以觀光支出總額作為觀光發展變數時，實證結果顯示觀光收入增加負向Granger影響所得不均度，此結果與許多文獻相符，該模型中也發現隨觀光產業發展，所得不均度有先增後減之關係，此結果支持Alam et al. (2016) 之猜測，觀光發展與所得不均度如同Kuznets Curve般，呈倒U型關係。若以各地區歷年家庭平均觀光支出為觀光變數之模型，考慮各縣市歷年老年人口比率、實質經常性所得、自有住宅比例及全台歷年外匯觀光收入作為環境變數，經過向量自我迴歸估計，吉尼係數與觀光發展之間並無顯著Granger因果關係。但是在環境變數上，觀光外匯收入對於吉尼係數有顯著負向影響，意味者隨外國人來台觀光支出越高，可以改善台灣貧富差距；此外，老年人口比率對於吉尼係數有顯著負向影響，這說明台灣年輕人大多往六都等大城市遷移，而競爭激烈的商業區為貧富差距較大之地區；而實質人均所得對於觀光發展有顯著正向影響，說明人民擁有財富之下較有能力，且願意花費在觀光支出。
並列摘要
Whether tourism development can increase economic growth was fully discussed in past studies. However, income inequality has been gradually taken seriously. Economists not only focus on how to increase output but also dedicate on the way to decrease the wealth gap. Unfortunately, either by theoretical or by empirical researches, there is no consistent result on the relationship between tourism development and income inequality. This study conducts VAR model to analyze the empirical relationship between tourism development and Gini coefficient by the data set of 20 counties in Taiwan covering the period 1999 to 2017. This study uses two different data, total tourism expenditure by areas and average family tourism expenditure by areas, as tourism variables to develop VAR models. The empirical result shows that total tourism expenditure has negative effect on Gini coefficient with 10% significant level. In this model, findings confirm the presence of Kuznets curve hypothesis as Alam et al. (2016) mentioned. Another finding in this study is that there does not exist significant Granger causal relationship between average family tourism expenditure and Gini coefficient. However, real current income per capita, home ownership rate, and foreign exchange earnings from tourism have significant positive effects on tourism. Furthermore, foreign exchange earnings from tourism has significant negative effects on Gini coefficient, meaning that tourism from foreigners helps reduce the wealth gap.