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  • 學位論文

製造或販賣有害健康或人身安全商品之刑事責任研究

Research on Criminal Liability of Manufacturing or Selling Goods Endangering to Human Health or Personal Safety

指導教授 : 黃榮堅

摘要


摘要 在現今的工商業社會中,使用工廠大量生產的商品,變成生活中的常態。然而,商品若是被不肖的製造人,以有害人體健康的原料製作,或是在商品的設計或構造上有嚴重的瑕疵,容易產生爆炸起火或其他有害人身安全的情事時,都使商品蘊涵高度的危險性。當這樣的問題商品被大量製造出來,並且流通在消費市場,會對不特定的多數人造成生命或健康法益的侵害或侵害的危險性,實具有公共危險的特性。為了處理上述「商品公害」的現象,本文將檢討有害健康及人身安全商品之製造人及販賣之人,在我國刑法是否負有刑事責任,以及相關的規範是否充足? 檢視我國刑法規範,關於此問題的處理,除了業務過失傷害或業務過失致死等實害犯的規定,刑法第191條的製造或販賣妨害衛生物品罪之抽象危險犯,應是我國特別針對商品製造人的刑事責任基本規範。在檢討刑法第191條後,發現所謂的「妨害衛生之飲食物品或其他物品」,在解釋論上僅能限於經由食用或其他與身體緊密接觸的方式,而對人體健康產生的化學性侵害的商品,而無法含括所有的商品態樣,尤其是商品的設計或構造上有嚴重的瑕疵,而造成的其他如爆炸、起火等有害人身安全的情事,並無法加以處理。 商品的設計或構造上有嚴重的瑕疵,而造成的其他有害人身安全的情事,與妨害衛生物品一樣,都具有相同的侵害生命或身體健康的危險性,也經常會遇到因果關係難以證明的困境,卻無法用刑法做相類似的處理,顯然有缺漏。在參考日本之公害處罰法、中華人民共和國的生產銷售偽劣商品罪的系列犯罪與消保法上的商品製造人民事責任的設計後,擷取一些立法上的特性與反思。本文試圖在刑法典內,建立可以適用於全部商品的基本規範。 首先,關於危險犯的立法,大致可區分為抽象危險犯與具體危險犯兩大模式,具體危險犯由於是結果犯,仍需要認定因果關係的存在而遭遇困境,為了避免僅在具體危險犯採取疫學的因果關係,而使因果關係的解釋在體系上產生不一致,應該採取不需要認定因果關係的抽象危險犯之立法模式。 抽象危險犯一做行為即為既遂,其正當性基礎來自於過去大量觀察的統計學上認為的高度風險。刑法作為一個行為規範,應該要清楚標示出其所認定的具有高度風險的行為,使人民得以預見什麼是該為什麼事不該為,因此,法律明確性相當重要。在此思考脈絡下,提出立法論的建議,分別以「製造或販賣違背保護健康或人身安全行政法令中商品安全性基準商品之行為犯」,與「製造或販賣依科學或統計學判斷,足認有害健康或人身安全之商品之適格犯」,作為商品製造人刑事責任的基本規範,以取代原本的刑法第191條。 關於商品製造人的刑事責任,參照如下設計,將可以建立一套完整的刑罰體系。在法律適用上,刑法典外的行政刑罰或專法等特別法,為適用的第一順位;建議立法的「製造或販賣違背保護健康或人身安全的行政法令中商品安全性基準商品之行為犯」作為刑法基本規範中的特別規定,適用順位次之;「製造或販賣依科學或統計學判斷,足認有害健康或人身安全之商品之適格犯」作為刑法基本規範中的最基本規定,適用順位最末。如此一來,越具體的特別法優先適用,可顧及明確性及建立行為規範的要求,而以抽象描述行為危險性的適格犯做最終的防護罩,避免處罰漏洞。也就是,違背行政法令所設立的商品安全性基準,即為超越容許風險,構成犯罪,只需形式判斷;在不違背行政法令時,則回歸依其他情形(本文認為應採科學證實或統計學上認為有高度危險性),實質判斷是否超越容許風險。

並列摘要


Abstract In today's commercial and industrial society, using goods which are manufactured from factory is very common in our life. However,some manufacturer may produce goods with materials which are injurious to human health,or produce goods having serious defection of design or construction which may cause a fire accident、explosion or other violations of personal safety. In the above-mentioned condition,the behaviors about producing such goods will contain high degree of danger. When such bad goods are manufactured in large amounts,and circulate in the consumer market,will result into danger of health or life to people in uncertain range. Therefore,in fact,these behaviors are offenses against public safety. In order to deal with this “commodity nuisance” phenomenon, this paper will review the criminal code in our country,whether there is relational enactment to punish manufacturer producing goods which are harmful to health and life,and whether our present legal system is enough. View our criminal code,to deal with this problem,in addition to Offenses of Causing Bodily Harm or Homicide with Professional Negligence,Criminal Code of the Republic of China Article 191 should be a criminal basic norm to punish manufacturer producing goods which are injurious to health. However,Criminal Code of the Republic of China Article 191 could just deal with goods which is injurious to health by consumption or close contact with the body,and usually refer to chemical injury. When goods have serious defection of design or construction which may cause a fire accident、explosion or other violations of personal safety,Criminal Code of the Republic of China Article 191 can’t cope with these condition. When goods have serious defection of design or construction which may cause a fire accident、explosion or other violations of personal safety,compare to the condition of Criminal Code of the Republic of China Article 191,the behaviors about producing such goods have same danger to human health and life,and is also confronted with a dilemma to prove causal relationship. For this reason,Criminal Code of the Republic of China Article 191 is not enough. This paper is trying to enact a criminal basic norm which can deal with all kinds of danger of goods.

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