- 學位論文
姓名權作為人權──以兩公約為中心
The Right to a Name as a Human Right: On the Basis of the Two Covenants
摘要
2021年全臺爆發「鮭魚之亂」，更改名字的次數限制讓社會大眾及立法者開始思考現行《姓名條例》的適法性與適當性。在此之前，自從2003年《姓名條例》修改允許原住民得以傳統名字的羅馬拼音並列登記後，原住民更進一步主張立法者應肯認其以單列羅馬拼音作為姓名登記。這可看出姓名權作為一項人權，不僅具備個人自主面向，亦涉及集體價值面向。在研究方法的選擇上，本文爬梳兩公約條文、一般性意見以及人權事務委員會相關的申訴案件決定，分析兩公約對於姓名權的保障內涵，以及探討姓名權背後的個人權與集體權性質，並據此對我國現行姓名制度提出政策建議。 首先，就姓名的功能，本文認為在個人層次姓名具有傳遞身分資訊與表達身分認同的功能；在集體層次姓名則具有界定群體成員與實現族群正義的功能。其次，從兩公約的規範基礎，本文發現姓名權不僅涉及《公政公約》所保障的隱私權、宗教自由與家庭權，亦與少數族群的保障以及不歧視原則有密切關聯，同時也與《經社文公約》保障人人享有文化生活的權利息息相關。再者，藉由人權事務委員會的指標性案例之分析與整理，本文發現姓名權具備個人與集體要素，且基於個人身分定位的不同會連結到各種群體並涉及其他權利的行使。又本文從族群自由權與族群平等權的集體面向，發現姓名權保障的建構對於脆弱群體的保護尤為重要。 最後，在兩公約對姓名權保障的脈絡下，反思我國姓名制度。本文主張姓名權在我國憲法上的權利來源有人性尊嚴、人格權與表現自由。且在姓名權的審查上，固然個人權與集體權皆為強化姓名權保障的重要權利，惟在個人權與集體權不相容的情形下，本文認為展現個人意識的個人權利應優先於凝聚集體共識的集體權利。此外，在立法層面上，本文主張我國姓名制度應參照兩公約的宗旨與目標，並據此對於《姓名條例》提出修法建議。包含肯認原住民單獨使用羅馬拼音作為姓名登記、開放從父姓或母姓以外的其他姓氏，以及廢除更改名字的次數限制。
並列摘要
In 2021, the so-called “salmon chaos” hit Taiwan. The inconvenience caused by the limited number of times regarding name changes prompted public debate and legislative consideration of the legitimacy and appropriateness of the current limitations on the Name Act. Before this chaos, the indigenous people had advocated that an indigenous person’s traditional name should be registered solely in Romanized form since the amendment of the Name Act in 2003 permitted that the ethnic name or Han Chinese name of an indigenous person can be listed in Romanized form together with the name in Chinese characters. These examples show that the right to a name not only represents the personal aspect related to the freedom of personality development but also encompasses the collective aspect related to the expression of ethnic values. This thesis relies on the provisions of the two Covenants, general comments, and relevant decisions on individual complaints made by the Human Rights Committee to analyze the protected scope of the right to a name and explore the nature of individual and collective rights underlying the name rights. First, at the individual level, this thesis observes that a name serves the function of conveying identity information and expressing identity identification; at the collective level, names provide the function of defining group members and achieving ethnic justice. Based on the two Covenants, also, this thesis also highlights the diversity and complexity underlying the right to a name. It includes privacy rights, religious freedom, and family rights protected by ICCPR, and it involves minority rights, principles of equality and non-discrimination, and the right of every person to participate in cultural life mentioned in ICESCR. After compiling the relevant landmark cases, this thesis finds that the right to a name has individual and collective elements. As the different identity positions of complainants are connected to various groups, it involves exercise of other rights. Furthermore, from the perspectives of ethnic freedom rights and ethnic equality rights, this thesis claims that the construction of name rights is especially essential for the protection of vulnerable groups. Finally, reviewing the name regulations in Taiwan, this thesis finds that the constitutional sources of the right to a name include human dignity, personal rights, and freedom of expression. When reviewing name rights, moreover, in the context of the protection of name rights under the two Covenants, both individual and collective rights are vital in strengthening the protection of name rights; however, in cases where the two categories are incompatible, this thesis argues that individual rights, reflecting individual consciousness, should take priority over collective rights, aiming to consolidate collective consensus. In addition, at the legislative level, this thesis advocates for the current Name Act in reference to the two Covenants, including recognizing each indigenous person’s use of Romanized ethnic names as the sole registration form for names, tolerating the use of surnames other than the father's or the mother’s, and abolishing the limitation on the number of times regarding name changes.