唐末五代女性的政治活動（875-960）

唐末五代（875-960）時期，政軍要角的女眷們，時常能夠在權力結構當中接觸政務，但這個現象的形成背景，尚有深入研究的空間。本文嘗試闡明，唐末以來女性眷屬的活躍，起源於武人對於政權的激烈爭奪。就連具有血親的將領們都曾兵戎相向的背景下，親近的女性眷屬容易成為武將倚重的對象，而獲得分掌政治權力的機會。除了外部因素之外，在朱溫和李克用集團及其後續發展的五代政權中，統治者的女性親屬大多擁有靈活而多樣的手段且十分積極，政權內部幾乎沒有阻止她們的力量。最重要的是，她們得到當權者的寵愛與信任。她們基於母、配偶、姊妹、女兒等倫理角色，以及后妃、命婦等身分，進而透過人際關係的交往，從而在政治結構中佔有一席之地。大多數掌握權力並涉入政務的婦女，除了與男性分享權力外，她們若有機會，更能將活動空間從家庭，逐步推展至藩鎮甚至朝廷內部。她們可以自行編織權力網絡，或加入上位者的網絡，藉由網絡的運作影響政局。尤其是宮廷女子建構的權力網絡，已不遜於男性主持的官僚機構，不僅利用政務系統運作中的灰色地帶，更在政務系統之外，成立另一條通往政治權力核心的管道。唐末五代的政局，在許多關鍵時刻，即與宮廷女子組織的權力網絡相互影響。宮廷女子的權力網絡，隨著時局的變動，而與主君、各階層的婦女、官員展現出不同的互動模式。最初，在朱溫和李克用幕府中，藩帥的親密情人逐漸將權力網絡引入五代中宮，並由後唐莊宗劉后發展至鼎盛的局面。最終，在後唐末期發生轉折，使原先面向整個政權的後宮權力逐步萎縮，轉型為皇親國戚憑藉親緣關係運作的權力網絡。本文藉著梳理藩府內廷與中宮權力的組織發展過程，可以顯示部分政要周圍的女性在唐末至北宋初年之間，對政局起到的關鍵作用，並可藉此提供一條認識五代政治權力結構的新路徑。

關鍵字

五代政治史；女性史；政要女眷；政軍結構；權力網絡

並列摘要

During the period of the late Tang and the Five Dynasties (875-960), the women of political and military dignitaries’ family were often able to engage in government affairs. Even though modern historians have discussed this issue, we need further study in the background for understanding this phenomenon. This article attempts to analyze that the activeness of the women in the political and military dignitaries’ family since the late Tang. The female political participations usually originated from the fierce competition of the military officials for political power, which even inspired conflicts among families and friends. Afraid of been betrayed by their male partners, military commanders inclined to share power with their female relatives. My discussions start from the two main regimes in the northern China, which led by Zhu Wen and Li Ke-Yong. In these two regimes, most palace women, who held power and involved in political affairs, expanded their influence through building personal networks, which included servants in the palace and officials in the government. Moreover, many local governor’s female relatives were also active in political arena. They not only interfered the local administrations, but also influenced the decisions of the court by bribing the rulers, imperial consort and higher ranking officials. Thus, women from elite families enjoyed the privilege to participate in political issues which often occurred in central and local government. The initial personal networks established by the governor’s lovers in the Zhu Wen and Li Ke-Yong’s regional governments gradually transformed into a tradition which legitimized the political roles of empresses. In the Later Tang, the power which the Liu Empress of Zhuangzong enjoyed was great enough to execute top ranking officials. However, the power of court women gradually reduced after Zhuangzong period, only remaining in the inner court and relying the favor of the emperor. To officials in the central and local government, the connections with court women were still useful for obtaining power and benefits, but no longer a crucial factor for their political career. By demonstrating that the organizational and developing process of the women’s power in local governments and inner court, this study shows the key role of women, who were around the politicians, in the political situation between the late Tang and the early Song Dynasties, and provides a new method to understand the political power structures in the Five Dynasties China.

並列關鍵字

Political History of the Five Dynasties ； Female History ； Female Members of the Dignitaries’ Family ； Political and Military Structure ； Power Network