- 學位論文
刑事責任本質之反思——重新建構現代的責任觀
Reflections on the Essence of Criminal Responsibility: Reconstruction of Modern Responsibility
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摘要
使犯罪行為人負起刑事責任（也就是對其科以刑罰的惡害）從近代的刑法學理論建立以來就是理所當然的道理。本文想要重新思考的正是此一看似當然的道理背後所隱藏的問題，難道除了犯罪行為人個人之外，沒有其他人或整體社會應負責的部分嗎？除此之外，責任除了對應到刑罰之外，是否能夠有其他更積極的處理方式以對應犯罪？ 為了思考以上的問題，本文先從責任論的歷史發展耙梳責任由共同體聚焦到個人身上，且由單純的心理事實演變為一種價值判斷（非難可能性）的過程。從中可以發現，責任不外是先要求設定理性、自律、自由的人類形象，再加諸責任在人的身上，尤其是近代成為通說的規範責任論影響之下，不斷加深此一形象。雖至1960年代，德國刑法學界興起對實質責任概念的探討，並企圖結合刑罰目的及刑事政策，惟最終仍難以脫離本質論式的責任論述。本質論式的責任論述是以「意思→行為→損害發生→責任追究」的時間順序為模式，其中預設了人是擁有自由意思的個體。因此本文藉由對於自由意思的重新檢視，以及提出與傳統主體性概念不同的主體觀念，對本質論式的責任論提出反思及解構，最終認為自由意思乃至於責任不外都是為了處罰的需求而由社會事後虛構的產物。 基此，本文認為不妨放棄責任本質的論述，改採建構論式的責任論，即以社會實際追索責任的流程「犯罪事態→無法收拾的國民感情→追究責任的集體意識→責任的特定化」，重新建構現代的責任觀。以日本學說「可罰的責任論」為理論的框架，除去刑罰有預防目的論述，改採「犯罪事後處理機能論」的刑罰目的，並且以西田幾多郎的「場所邏輯」證立個人責任得以藉由他者的分擔而減輕，重構出能夠對應到非刑罰處遇的新的責任概念。
並列摘要
It is considered for granted in modern criminal responsibility theories that individual offenders are accountable for the offenses and shall accept the penalty. The main topic of this thesis is to reconsider the problem which hidden in this proposition, and to think about the question of if anyone else or the society itself should be in charge of the crime. In additional, do we have something more positive than penalty to deal with the crime problem? The concept of “free will” plays a fundamental character in the theories of responsibility. However, when reviewing the history of criminal responsibility, it could be found that in the process of constructing offense, the subject of responsibility has transferred from communities to individual offenders. Under this situation, the image of a “standard man” had been set in advance: a rational, self- disciplined human with free will to be liable for his/her own decision. Until 1960s, discussion about the essential responsibility concept were once vigorously invoked in German, yet failed to re-examine the concept of free will. In this study, it argued that the concept of free will was just a fabricate claim produced for the purpose to penalize individual offenders, and, as a result, the modern criminal responsibility theories should be revised. To replace the discussion around the essence of criminal responsibility, this study takes the approach of “constructive responsibility”. To reconstruct the new idea of responsibility, this study applies three existed concepts: the Japense original theory “strafbarer Schuld” as the frame, “the logic of basho” of Kitaro Nishida as the philosophical basis, and the “criminal post-processing function” as the purpose of penalty. In conclusion, society and others have contribute to the offense, therefore the individual offender’s own criminal responsibility should accordingly decrease, and we should reserve the non-penal aprroch to deal with the crime.
參考文獻
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